It is an aspartic acid protease (proteolytic enzyme). It was previously called rennin, but was renamed chymosin at the recommendation of the International Enzyme Commission because it was confusingly similar to renin, a protease found in the kidneys. It is found in the gastric juices of young ruminant animals, such as cows and goats. It is secreted as prochymosin, which has a molecular weight of 40,777 and 365 residues, and similar to pepsin, autocatalytically cleaves a propeptide of 42 amino acid residues from the amino-terminus under acidic conditions to produce chymosin, which has 323 amino acid residues and a molecular weight of 35,652. This activation depends on the pH, and takes 5-10 minutes at room temperature at pH 2, but 2-3 days at pH 5. It has a coagulating effect that causes milk to solidify, so it has long been used to make rennet for cheese and yogurt. Chymosin cleaves the peptide bond between phenylalanine and methionine Phe105-Met106 in kappa-casein, a component of the milk protein casein, and this hydrophobic part becomes exposed on the surface of the molecule. As a result, calcium casein, which formed micelles (microspheres), aggregates larger and larger to form yogurt. The amino acid sequence of prochymosin was elucidated in 1975. It is highly similar to pepsinogen (the precursor of pepsin), with 204 of its 365 residues being identical. The crystal structure of bovine chymosin was determined in 1990 by Gary L. Gilliland (1948- ) and his colleagues at the University of Maryland, USA, at a resolution of 2.3 angstroms (Å), and in the following year, 1991, by M. Newman and his colleagues at the University of London, UK, at a resolution of 2.2 Å. The cleft in the active center is assumed to contain subsites S4-S1 (hypothetical sites where individual amino acids bind correspondingly, usually 5-6 residues) that hold four amino acids in the substrate protein or peptide sequence. This is where proteins or peptides are hydrolyzed (cut). The enzyme is 40×50×65 Å in size. Its specificity is broad, similar to that of pepsin A, but it is particularly prone to cutting the CO side of tyrosine. In the same year, an enzyme was artificially created in which valine Val111 was mutated to phenylalanine Phe, and its three-dimensional structure was revealed at a resolution of 2.0 Å. In 2003, buffalo chymosin was reported. Its molecular weight is about 35,600, and at least 8 residues of the N-terminal sequence are identical to those of cows. Currently, powerful microbial enzymes are used to make yogurt. [Koji Nomura] [References] | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アスパラギン酸プロテアーゼ(タンパク分解酵素)の一つ。以前はレンニンrenninとよばれていたが、腎臓(じんぞう)のプロテアーゼであるレニンreninと紛らわしいので、国際酵素委員会の勧告によりキモシンとよばれるようになった。若い反芻(はんすう)動物、ウシやヤギなどの胃液に含まれる。 分子量4万0777で365残基のプロキモシンとして分泌され、ペプシンに似て酸性条件下で自己触媒的にアミノ酸42残基のプロペプチドをアミノ末端側から切り離し、アミノ酸323残基、分子量3万5652のキモシンとなる。この活性化は水素イオン濃度指数(pH)に依存しており、pH2では室温で5~10分であるが、pH5では2~3日かかる。牛乳を凝固させる凝乳作用があるため、古くからチーズやヨーグルトのレンネットの製造に利用されてきた。キモシンは乳タンパク質カゼインの一成分であるκ(カッパ)-カゼイン中のフェニルアラニンとメチオニンPhe105-Met106の間のペプチド結合を切断し、この疎水性の部分が分子の表面に露出するようになる。このため、ミセル(微小球)をつくっていたカルシウムカゼインがますます大きく凝集することによりヨーグルトとなる。プロキモシンのアミノ酸配列は1975年に明らかになった。ペプシノゲン(ペプシンの前駆体)によく似ており、365残基のうち204残基が一致している。 ウシ‐キモシンの結晶構造は、アメリカ・メリーランド大学のギリランドGary L. Gilliland(1948― )らが、1990年2.3オングストローム(Å)解像度で決定し、翌1991年、イギリス・ロンドン大学のニューマンM. Newmanらが2.2Å解像度で決定した。活性中心のくぼみcleftには基質であるタンパク質やペプチドの配列中四つのアミノ酸がくわえ込まれるサブサイトS4-S1(個々のアミノ酸が対応して結合する仮想的な部位。多くは5~6残基分)が想定されている。ここでタンパク質やペプチドが加水分解(切断)される。酵素の大きさは40×50×65Å。特異性はペプシンAに似て広いが、とくにチロシンのCO側を切断しやすい。さらに同年、人為的にバリンVal111からフェニルアラニンPheの変異をさせた酵素もつくられ、2.0Å解像度で三次元構造も明らかにされた。2003年にはバッファローのキモシンが報告された。分子量約3万5600で、少なくともN末端配列の8残基はウシのものと一致している。なお、現在はヨーグルトの製造には微生物の強力な酵素が使われている。 [野村晃司] [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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