Western War - Yojo

This refers to the invasion of Korea by Western capitalist countries at the end of the Joseon Dynasty. The most representative examples are the invasion of Ganghwa Island by the French fleet in 1866 (Byeongin Yangyo) and the American fleet in 1871 (Sinmi Yangyo). The Byeongin Yangyo was caused by the then regent Heungseon Daewongun (father of King Gojong, Regent), who carried out a massive crackdown on Catholicism, arresting 30,000 believers and executing many of them, including nine French missionaries. Upon hearing the news of this crackdown and execution, Veronet, the envoy to the Qing Dynasty, demanded that the missionaries be prosecuted for their murder and that Korea be opened to the world, and ordered Rose, commander of the French Far Eastern Fleet, to invade Korea. In September 1866, Rose and his men sailed three warships up the Han River from the Ganghwa Strait and bombarded Hanseong (Seoul). The Korean government mobilized its military, sent out appeals throughout the country, recruited volunteer soldiers, and strengthened its defenses. Rose withdrew once, but in October of the same year, he again invaded Ganghwa Island with a fleet of seven ships, landed, and fought with the Korean volunteer soldiers for about 40 days, looting, arson, and destruction before retreating. At the same time, the United States also attempted to invade Korea, causing incidents such as the Sherman Incident in 1866 and the tomb robbery of Nam Yeon-gun (father of Heungseon Daewon-gun) in 1868. In April 1871, under orders from the US government, Minister to China Law and Far Eastern Fleet Commander Rogers led a fleet of five ships into Ganghwa Island, using the pretext of being charged with the burning of the Sherman, and occupied, burned, destroyed, and looted the main fortresses. However, they were once again repelled by the brave fight of the Korean volunteer soldiers, and the invasion plan failed.

[Park Kyung-sik]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

朝鮮、李朝(りちょう)末期、欧米資本主義国の朝鮮侵略事件をさす。1866年フランス艦隊（丙寅(へいいん)洋擾）、71年のアメリカ艦隊（辛未(しんみ)洋擾）の江華島侵略がその代表的なものである。丙寅洋擾は当時の執権者興宣大院君（国王高宗の父、摂政(せっしょう)）が天主教に大弾圧を加え教徒3万人を逮捕、多数を処刑したが、これにフランスの宣教師9人が入っていたことが直接の起因となった。この弾圧処刑の報を受けた清(しん)国駐在公使ベロネは宣教師殺害の問罪と朝鮮開国を要求し、フランス極東艦隊司令官ローズに朝鮮遠征を指令した。ローズらは1866年9月3隻の軍艦で江華海峡から漢江をさかのぼり漢城（ソウル）を艦砲射撃した。朝鮮政府は軍隊を動員し、全国に檄(げき)を飛ばして義兵を募り防備を強化した。ローズはいったん引き揚げたが、同年10月七隻の艦隊でふたたび江華島に侵入、上陸して朝鮮の義兵と約40日間戦い、略奪、放火、破壊を行って撤退した。これと時を同じくしてアメリカも朝鮮侵略を企て、66年シャーマン号事件、68年、南延君（興宣大院君の父）墓盗掘事件などを起こした。71年4月アメリカ政府の指令を受けた清国駐在公使ロー、極東艦隊司令官ロジャースらはシャーマン号焼打ちの問罪を口実に五隻の艦隊を率い江華島に侵入、上陸して主要な要塞(ようさい)を占領、放火、破壊、略奪を行ったが、またも朝鮮義兵の勇敢な闘いで撃退され、侵略の企図は失敗した。

［朴　慶　植］

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