Red Sea - Koukai (English spelling) Red Sea

Japanese: 紅海 - こうかい(英語表記)Red Sea
Red Sea - Koukai (English spelling) Red Sea

An appendage of the Indian Ocean that lies north-northwest to south-southeast between the African continent and the Arabian Peninsula. It is a long, narrow sea about 2,300 km long and 200-350 km wide. Its southern end connects to the Indian Ocean via the Strait of Babel-Mandeb, and its northern end is divided into two bays, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez, by the protrusion of the Sinai Peninsula. Its area is 438,000 square kilometers. In Arabic, it is called Bahr al Ahmar. The surface of the sea sometimes appears red due to blue-green algae in the water, which is said to be the origin of the name "Red Sea."

It is the northern extension of the African Great Rift Valley, and was formed when a large fault created during the crustal movement of the Cenozoic Tertiary Period caused it to collapse and become a body of water. As a result, both the eastern and western banks have steep cliffs in many places, with an average depth of 491 meters and a maximum depth of 2,300 meters. Located in an arid region, seawater evaporates significantly, and there are almost no rivers flowing into it, making it the saltiest sea in the world along with the Persian Gulf. Coral reefs have developed along the coast, making navigation dangerous and lacking good harbors, but there are ports such as Suez, Kossair, Port Sudan, and Massawa on the African continent, and Aqaba, Jeddah, Hodeidah, and Mocha on the Arabian Peninsula. However, coastal maritime traffic is not very active, except for the transportation of pilgrims to Mecca and agricultural products. Oil is produced on the coast and under the sea of ​​the Gulf of Suez, and a pipeline runs from the oil fields in the east to the port of Yanbu on the Arabian Peninsula.

It has played a role as a sea route since the time of ancient Egypt, and in the first millennium BC it was used as a trade route to as far away as India. During the Islamic Empire, it was also important as a route to India, Persia, and East Africa. During the Age of Discovery, voyages between Europe and Asia were routed around the Cape of Good Hope, and it lost its vitality as it was no longer a major trade route. However, after the Suez Canal, which connects the Gulf of Suez to the Mediterranean Sea, was opened in 1869, it regained its role as an important sea route connecting Asia and Australia with Europe, and especially since the beginning of the 20th century, the number of ships passing through has increased significantly as it has become a route for transporting oil produced in the Persian Gulf to the European market.

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Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アフリカ大陸とアラビア半島との間に北北西から南南東方向に横たわるインド洋の付属海。長さ約2300キロメートル、幅200~350キロメートルの細長い海である。南端はバベル・マンデブ海峡を経てインド洋に通じ、北端はシナイ半島の突出によってアカバ湾、スエズ湾の二つの支湾に分かれる。面積43.8万平方キロメートル。アラビア語ではBahr al Ahmarという。海中の藍藻(らんそう)類によって海面がときに赤色を呈することがあり、これが「紅海」の名の由来とされる。

 アフリカ大地溝帯の北の延長にあたり、新生代第三紀の地殻運動の際に生じた大断層によって陥没し、水域となったのがその成因である。そのため東西の両岸は急崖(きゅうがい)をなす所が多く、平均深度は491メートル、最大深度は2300メートルに達する。乾燥地域に位置するために海水の蒸発が著しく、そのうえ流入する河川もほとんどないため、ペルシア湾と並んで世界でもっとも塩分の濃い海となっている。沿岸にはサンゴ礁が発達し、航行に危険で良港も乏しいが、アフリカ大陸側にはスエズ、コッセア、ポート・スーダン、マッサワなど、またアラビア半島側にはアカバ、ジッダ、ホデイダ、モカなどの港が存在する。ただ沿岸海上交通は、メッカへの巡礼客や農産物の輸送を除けば、それほど活発ではない。スエズ湾の沿岸および海底では石油を産し、アラビア半島側のヤンブー港まで、東部の油田からパイプラインが通じている。

 古代エジプト時代から海上交通路としての役割を果たしてきたが、紀元前一千年紀には遠くインドとの交易路として利用されていた。イスラム帝国時代も、インド、ペルシア、東アフリカへの航路として重要であった。大航海時代には、ヨーロッパ―アジア間の航海が喜望峰回りとなったため、主要交易路から外れて活気を失った。しかしスエズ湾から地中海へと通じるスエズ運河が1869年に開削されてのちは、アジアやオーストラリアとヨーロッパを結ぶ重要な海上交通路としての役割を取り戻し、とりわけ20世紀に入ってからはペルシア湾岸産の石油のヨーロッパ市場への輸送路として、往来する船舶も著しく増えた。

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