Uruk - Uruk (English spelling)

Japanese: ウルク - うるく(英語表記)Uruk
Uruk - Uruk (English spelling)

An ancient Sumerian city in southern Mesopotamia. Located about 40 km east of the current city of Samawa in southeastern Iraq. In Sumerian it was called Unug, in Akkadian Uruk, modern name Warka (Iraq), and in the Old Testament Erech. The city's patron deity was Inanna (Semitic name Ishtar). It was the hometown of the hero of the Epic of Gilgamesh. It is the city where pictographs, the oldest form of cuneiform writing, were discovered, and the period of these proto-writings is called the Uruk period. It is a large city with a circumference of 10 km and a history of about 4,000 years. Test excavations were carried out in 1849 and 1851, but full-scale excavations were carried out 15 times between 1913 and 1939 by Julius Jordan (1877-1945), Ernst Heinrich (1899-1984), and others dispatched by the German Near Eastern Society. Excavations continued thereafter by Heinrich Jakob Lenzen (1900-1978) and others. In addition to the invention of writing and the use of clay tablets, the site is famous for the use of various metal implements and seals, as well as huge buildings, especially the Temple of Eanna, the White Temple and its ziggurat.

[Mamoru Yoshikawa]

In 2016, the ruins of Uruk were inscribed on the UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) World Heritage List as part of the "Ahwar region of southern Iraq: biological refuge and vestiges of an ancient Mesopotamian urban landscape" complex.

[Editorial Department, May 21, 2018]

[References] | Ishtar | Samavah | Ziggurat | Sumer

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

古代メソポタミア南部のシュメールの都市。現在のイラク南東部の都市サマーワの東約40キロメートルに位置する。シュメール語ウヌグUnug、アッカド語でウルク、現代名ワルカWarka(イラク)、『旧約聖書』のエレクErech。市の守護神はイナンナ(セム語名イシュタル)。ギルガメシュ叙事詩の英雄の故郷である。楔形(くさびがた)文字の最古形である絵文字の発見された都市で、この原文字の時代はウルク期とよばれる。遺跡の周囲が10キロメートルに及ぶ大都市で、約4000年の歴史をもつ。1849年、1851年に試掘が行われたが、本格的な発掘は、ドイツ・オリエント学会の派遣したヨルダンJulius Jordan(1877―1945)、ハインリヒErnst Heinrich(1899―1984)らによって1913年から1939年まで15回にわたって行われた。その後もレンツェンHeinrich Jakob Lenzen(1900―1978)その他によって発掘が続けられた。文字の発明と粘土板の使用のほか、諸種の金属器、印章の使用、巨大な建築物、とくにエアンナ神殿、白神殿とそのジッグラトなどで有名である。

[吉川 守]

 ウルクの遺跡は、2016年、「南イラクのアフワール:生物の避難所と古代メソポタミア都市景観の残影」の一つとして、ユネスコ(国連教育科学文化機関)の世界遺産の複合遺産(世界複合遺産)に登録された。

[編集部 2018年5月21日]

[参照項目] | イシュタル | サマーワ | ジッグラト | シュメール

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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