Scythian - Sukitai (English spelling)

Japanese: スキタイ - すきたい(英語表記)Scythian
Scythian - Sukitai (English spelling)

The world's first horse-riding nomads, active in the vast grasslands of the Eurasian interior. Also known as the Scythes, they belong to the Indo-European language family, speaking Iranian languages, but there are many theories about their origins, with no consensus. The Greeks called them Scythians, and the Persians Saka, but since they did not have their own written language, it is not known what they called themselves (the Greek historian Herodotus wrote that the Scythians called themselves "Skoroites"). The name Scythia was also given to all the various nomadic peoples in the area north of the Black Sea. Much of their lifestyle and culture is also based on the records of Herodotus and others.

[Muneo Shimizu]

Scythia according to Herodotus

According to Herodotus's "Histories," the Scythians had lived on the north shore of the Black Sea since ancient times. However, they were also nomadic peoples in Asia who moved westward from the East (probably Central Asia) in the 8th to 7th centuries BC, appeared on the Volga River, drove out the indigenous Cimmerians (Cimmerians), and established a powerful Scythian state in the southern Russian steppes. Then, in the 4th century BC, they were attacked by the Sarmatians (Sarmatians) who arrived from the east of the Don River, and the Scythians abandoned the Kuban region of the North Caucasus and moved their base westward. The Scythian sphere of influence included the northern shore of the Black Sea, including the Crimean Peninsula and the lower reaches of the Dnieper and Don Rivers, and extended westward to the southern Danube River, and eastward across the Caucasus region into Asia Minor. However, in the middle of the 3rd century BC, they were decisively oppressed by the Sarmatians and lost their power.

[Muneo Shimizu]

Scythia according to archaeological findings

In recent years, archaeological excavations on Scythia have produced great results, making it possible to fill in gaps in written sources, and clarifying the origin, development, and characteristics of Scythian culture. Some scholars believe that the Scythians originated with the founders of the Bronze Age culture (Khvalinsk culture) that arose in the lower Volga River basin around 1200-700 BC. Soviet researchers, who have made great contributions to the development of "Scythian archaeology" through research since the 19th century, claim that the Scythian culture emerged through a process from the pit burial mound culture to the underground horizontal burial mound and later wooden coffin burial mound culture. The Scythian cultural sphere roughly corresponds to the distribution area of ​​Scythian-type burial mounds (kurgans), which is the area between the Carpathian Mountains and the Don River, which ancient writers called Scythia.

Herodotus divided the Scythians into four groups with different habitats, calling them from west to east the "Agricultural Scythians," "Nomadic Scythians," and "Royal Scythians." Based on ruins and excavated remains such as ancient tombs (kurgans) and settlement sites (Galadishche), Soviet archaeologists have identified four cultural regions that roughly correspond to these four groups. Of these, the original Scythians, or Royal Scythians, are said to have formed the so-called Scythian Kingdom, based in the steppe zone between the Dnieper and Don rivers, north of the Sea of ​​Azov. The chronology of Scythian culture is also based on the Royal Scythians.

[Muneo Shimizu]

Scythian culture

The Scythians were a fearless nomadic people who lived in tents pulled by oxen, and their wealth was determined by the number of horses they owned. In battle, they wore Greek bronze armor and chainmail vests, carried Akinakes-type daggers and bows and arrows, and organized light cavalry. They were highly mobile and had such skill in tactics that they troubled the powerful Persians.

Archaeological research near Nicopolis on the lower Dnieper River has confirmed that this area was the political and economic center of the Scythian kingdom, and that a wealthy class had been established through extensive trade, importing pottery, textiles, metal products, and oil from Greek colonies on the northern Black Sea coast, and providing livestock, grain, furs, and slaves. Then, around the 4th century BC, the upper Scythian nobles began to build magnificent burial mounds (over 20 meters high) with the burial of women, slaves, and horses. Grave goods excavated from these burial mounds include gold, silver, and copper vases, bronze kettles unique to Scythia, flat-bottomed hand-kneaded Scythian pottery, Greek-style polished earthenware, amphorae with a variety of decorative patterns, and intricate jewelry made by Scythian and Greek artisans. Various weapons (Akinakes-type daggers, bronze arrowheads and spearheads, iron spearheads and battle axes) were also excavated from the warriors' tombs.

[Muneo Shimizu]

Scythian art

Museums such as the Hermitage Museum in the Russian Federation display a huge collection of Scythian cultural artifacts discovered in the steppes of Central Asia and southern Russia. These artifacts were excavated from the Kastromskaya, Kelermes, Ursky, and Elizavenskaya tumuli in the Kuban region, and the Solokha, Chertmulyk, and Aleksandropolsk tumuli in the lower Dnieper River basin. Collectively, these artifacts display the unique Scythian art and various aspects of Scythian society. In particular, the dynamic "Scythian animal designs," which depict animal figures and fighting scenes in relief or openwork as decorative motifs on weapons, armor, and horse equipment, represent the pinnacle of Scythian art. The extent to which these animal designs and the three-winged arrowheads unique to Scythia are widespread can be considered indicators of both the direction of Scythian advancement and the cultural sphere. According to this, the Scythians are said to have left their mark as far as present-day Hungary and Germany, and to have also destroyed the proto-Slavic culture (Lausatian culture, 1300-500 BC) of the Vistula River basin in Poland. There are many themes that remain for future research, such as the origins of the Scythians, who played a major role in the cultural exchange between East and West that unfolded across the vast inland Eurasian steppe region, and the origins of the "Scythian-Siberian type culture."

[Muneo Shimizu]

"World Archaeological Series 9: Northern Eurasia and Central Asia" edited by Fumiei Tsunoda (1962, Heibonsha)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ユーラシア内陸の広大な草原地帯で活動した世界最初の騎馬遊牧民。スキテスともいわれ、イラン系言語を話すインド・ヨーロッパ語族に属するが、その起源については諸説があり定説はない。ギリシア人はスキタイ、ペルシア人はサカとよんでいたが、彼らは固有の文字をもたなかったので、彼らが自分たちをどうよんだかもわからない(ギリシアの歴史家ヘロドトスは、スキタイが自らを「スコロイト」とよぶと書いている)。またスキタイという名称は、黒海北岸一帯のさまざまな遊牧民全体につけられた名称である。生活様式や文化に関しても、ヘロドトスらの記録によることが多い。

[清水睦夫]

ヘロドトスによるスキタイ

ヘロドトスの『歴史』によれば、スキタイは太古から黒海北岸に住んでいたという。しかしまた、スキタイはアジアの遊牧民であって、紀元前8~前7世紀に東方(おそらくは中央アジア)から西に進み、ボルガ河畔に出現し、先住人のキンメリア(キンメル)人を追い払い、南ロシア草原に強大なスキタイ国家を建設した。そして、前4世紀にはドン川の東方から到来したサルマート(サルマタイ)人に攻撃され、スキタイは北カフカスのクバン地方を放棄して、本拠を西方に移動した。スキタイの勢力圏は、クリミア半島やドニエプル川・ドン川下流域など黒海北岸一帯を含み、西はドナウ川南部に及び、東はカフカス地方を越えて小アジアにも及んでいたという。しかし前3世紀中ごろにはサルマートによって決定的に圧迫されて勢力を失った。

[清水睦夫]

考古学の成果によるスキタイ

近年、スキタイに関する考古学的発掘調査は大きな成果をあげており、記述史料の欠落部分が補充できるようになり、スキタイ文化の起源や発展過程、その特質などが明らかにされつつある。スキタイの起源を、前1200~前700年ごろボルガ川下流域に興っていた青銅器文化(フバリンスク文化)の創成者と考える学者もいる。また19世紀以来の研究を受けて「スキタイ考古学」進展に大きな業績をあげたソ連の研究者たちは、竪穴(たてあな)古墳文化から地下横穴古墳および後期木槨墳(もっかくふん)文化への過程を経てスキタイ文化が出現したと主張している。スキタイ文化圏は、スキタイ型古墳(クルガン)の分布する範囲とほぼ一致し、その範囲は古代の著述家がスキティアScythiaとよんだカルパティア山脈とドン川の中間域にあたる。

 ヘロドトスはスキタイを、それぞれ居住圏の異なる四つの群に分け、西から「農耕スキタイ」「農業スキタイ」「遊牧スキタイ」「王族スキタイ」とよんでいる。ソ連の考古学者は古墳(クルガン)、集落址(し)(ガラディーシチェ)などの遺跡や出土遺物から、この4群にほぼ合致する四つの文化圏を設定している。そのうち、アゾフ海の北、ドニエプル川とドン川との間の草原帯を本拠として、いわゆるスキタイ王国を形成したのが、本来のスキタイ、つまり王族スキタイとされる。スキタイ文化の編年も、この王族スキタイを基準として設定されている。

[清水睦夫]

スキタイ文化

精悍(せいかん)な遊牧民族であったスキタイは、ウシの引く天幕の小屋で生活し、所有するウマの多寡で富が決められた。戦闘のときには、ギリシア式青銅製甲冑(かっちゅう)と鎖かたびらの胴着をつけ、アキナケス型短剣や弓矢をもち、軽装騎兵隊を編成した。機動性に富み、強敵ペルシア人を悩ますほど戦術に巧みであった。

 ドニエプル川下流のニコポリス近傍での考古学調査により、この地域がスキタイ王国の政治・経済の中心地であったこと、そして黒海北岸域のギリシア植民市から陶器、織物、金属製品、油などを輸入し、家畜、穀物、毛皮、奴隷などを提供する、広範な通商取引で富裕な階層が成立したことなどが確認された。そして前4世紀ごろには上層のスキタイ貴族の間で、婦人、奴隷、ウマなどの殉葬を伴った壮大な古墳(高さ20メートル以上)が営まれるようになった。それらの古墳からは副葬品として、金・銀・銅製の壺(つぼ)や、スキタイ特有の青銅の鍑(かま)、平底手捏(てづく)ねのスキタイの陶器やギリシア風の磨研土器、多様な装飾文様をもつアンフォーラ、スキタイおよびギリシア人工匠の手になる精巧な宝飾品などが発掘されている。また戦士の墳墓からは各種の武器(アキナケス型短剣、青銅の鏃(やじり)や矛頭(ほこがしら)、鉄製の槍頭や闘斧(とうふ))などが出土した。

[清水睦夫]

スキタイの美術

ロシア連邦のエルミタージュ美術館などには、中央アジアや南ロシア草原で発見されたおびただしい数のスキタイ文化の収集遺物が展示されている。クバン地方のカストロムスカヤ古墳、ケレルメス古墳、ウリスキー古墳、エリザベンスカヤ古墳、ドニエプル川下流域のソロハ古墳、チェルトムルイク古墳、アレクサンドロポルスク古墳出土のもので、これらの遺物総体は独自なスキタイ美術の粋を示すと同時に、スキタイ社会のさまざまな様相を示している。とくに武器・武具・馬具などの装飾文様としての動物の姿や闘争を浮彫りまたは透彫りで表現した躍動的な「スキタイ風動物意匠」は、スキタイ美術の極致を示している。この動物意匠とスキタイ特有の三翼鏃(さんよくぞく)の普及範囲は、スキタイの進出方向と文化圏を同時に示す指標と考えられる。それによれば、現在のハンガリーやドイツにまで足跡をしるし、またポーランドのビスワ川流域の原スラブ人の文化(ラウジッツ文化、前1300~前500)を破壊したのもスキタイといわれる。広大な内陸ユーラシア草原地帯を舞台に展開された東西文化交流に大きな役割を果たしたスキタイの起源や「スキタイ・シベリア型文化」の由来など、今後の研究にまたれる課題は多い。

[清水睦夫]

『角田文衛編『世界考古学大系9 北方ユーラシア・中央アジア』(1962・平凡社)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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