Young's modulus

Japanese: ヤング率 - やんぐりつ
Young's modulus

The elastic modulus when a solid is stretched by applying tension in one direction (however, the sides are free and the cross-sectional area shrinks) is called Young's modulus, or tensile modulus of elasticity. It was introduced by British physicist T. Young. As shown in the figure , if the force is F and the cross-sectional area is A , the tension is T = F / A. Also, if the length l is stretched by Δ l , the tensile strain is S = Δ l / l . Young's modulus E is expressed as E = T / S.

When an object is stretched as shown in the figure , the width of the object shrinks (Poisson's ratio), and the object changes shape and volume at the same time. Therefore, Young's modulus is a combination of the shear modulus G and the bulk modulus K ,
E = 9 KG / (3 K + G )
For soft materials such as rubber, G is much smaller than K. Therefore, we can approximately say that E = 3 G. Young's modulus is measured by stretching or bending an object and examining the applied force and the amount of deformation.

[Yasushi Wada and Toshio Nishi]

[Reference item] | Poisson's ratio
Young's Modulus (Figure)
©Shogakukan ">

Young's Modulus (Figure)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

固体を一つの方向に張力を加えて引き伸ばした(ただし側面は自由で、断面積は縮む)ときの弾性率をヤング率、あるいは伸び弾性率という。イギリスの物理学者T・ヤングによって導入された。のように力をF、断面積をAとすると張力はTF/Aである。また、長さlΔlだけ伸びたとすると、伸びひずみはSΔl/lである。ヤング率EET/Sで表される。

 のように物体を引き伸ばすとき、物体の幅は収縮し(ポアソン比)、物体は形が変わると同時に体積も変わる。したがってヤング率はずり弾性率Gと体積弾性率Kとの組合せで、
  E=9KG/(3KG)
の関係がある。ゴムのような柔らかい物体ではGKよりも非常に小さい。したがって近似的にE=3Gとしてよい。ヤング率は、物体を引き伸ばすか、たわみを与えて、加えた力と変形量から測定する。

[和田八三久・西 敏夫]

[参照項目] | ポアソン比
ヤング率〔図〕
©Shogakukan">

ヤング率〔図〕


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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