Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig

Japanese: ヤーン（英語表記）Jahn， Friedrich Ludwig

Born: August 11, 1778, Lantz
Died October 15, 1852. Freiburg. German educator and patriot. A gymnastics instructor and founder of the physical education club movement, he is known as the "father of German gymnastics." In 1806, he served in the Napoleonic Wars. In 1809, he became a middle school teacher in Berlin, and thereafter used gymnastics to restore morale among the young people of Prussia under Napoleon's rule. He built the first open-air gymnastics center in Germany in Berlin, and invented a form of exercise called Turnen, which combined traditional gymnastics with patriotic education activities. He introduced equipment such as the horizontal bar and pommel horse, and trained young gymnasts. When the War of Liberation began in 1813, he participated in the formation of the Lutzow Corps in Breslau and served as its battalion commander. After the war, he again devoted himself to gymnastics education in Berlin. He had democratic tendencies and often clashed with reactionaries, and in 1819, he was arrested and imprisoned for six years, and was kept under police surveillance thereafter. In 1840, he was liberated by the accession of Frederick William IV of Prussia to the throne, and was awarded the Iron Cross. In 1848, he became a member of the Frankfurt National Assembly. His complete works include Das Deutsches Volkstum (1810) (Gesammelte Werke) (1884-1887).

Yarn
Jahnn, Hans Henny

Born: December 17, 1894 in Hamburg
[died] November 29, 1959. Hamburg German novelist and playwright. As a leading organ maker, he built over 100 organs throughout his life while also working on his own creative endeavors. Influenced by Freud and Expressionism, he consistently emphasized instinct as superior to the mind in his plays Pastor Ephraim Magnus (1919), Medea (26), and novel Perrudja (29), and criticized Christian morality as a theme, exploring sexual issues through bold depictions such as incest. Due to his pacifist beliefs, he fled to Norway during World War I and to Switzerland and Denmark during World War II. His representative work is the massive trilogy Fluss ohne Ufer (49-61).

Yarn
Jerne, Niels Kai

Born: December 23, 1911, London
[Died] October 5/7, 1994. Castillo du Gard Danish immunologist born in England. He also held British nationality. Both of his parents were Danish. After graduating from Leiden University in the Netherlands, he became a researcher at the Danish National Serum Institute (1943-55). He obtained his doctorate from the University of Copenhagen (1951). After serving as Chief Medical Officer of the World Health Organization (1956-62), he was instrumental in establishing the Basel Institute for Immunology in Switzerland, where he also served as its director (1969-80). He proposed a series of important theories in immunology, including the network theory published in 1974, which explained how the entire immune system is regulated through the interaction between antigens and antibodies. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984, along with C. Milstein and G. Köhler.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1778.8.11. ランツ
[没]1852.10.15. フライブルク
ドイツの教育者，愛国者。体操の指導者，体育クラブ運動の創始者で「ドイツ体操の父」と呼ばれる。 1806年ナポレオン戦争に従軍。 09年ベルリンで中学教師となり，以後体操を通じてナポレオン支配下のプロシアの若者のモラル回復をはかった。ドイツで初めての野天体操場をベルリンに建設，従来の体操 Gymnastikに愛国教育活動を結びつけたトゥルネン Turnenと称する運動形式を考案し，鉄棒，あん馬などの器械運動を取入れ，青年体操家の育成にあたった。 13年解放戦争が始るとブレスラウでルッツオー軍団結成に参画，その大隊長として従軍。戦後再びベルリンで体操教育に尽力。民主主義的傾向をもち，しばしば反動派と衝突し，19年に逮捕されて6年間投獄され，その後も警察の監視下におかれた。 40年プロシアのフリードリヒ・ウィルヘルム4世即位により解放され，鉄十字勲章を授与され，48年フランクフルト国民議会議員。『ドイツの国民性』 Das Deutsches Volkstum (1810) などを収めた全集 Gesammelte Werke (84～87) がある。

ヤーン
Jahnn， Hans Henny

[生]1894.12.17. ハンブルク
[没]1959.11.29. ハンブルク
ドイツの小説家，劇作家。一流のオルガン製作者として生涯にわたって 100以上のオルガンを製作するかたわら創作に従事。フロイトと表現主義の影響下に，戯曲『エフライム・マグヌス神父』 Pastor Ephraim Magnus (1919) ，『メデイア』 Medea (26) ，小説『ペリュージャ』 Perrudja (29) などで一貫して精神に優越するものとしての本能を重視し，キリスト教的モラルに対する批判をテーマとし，近親相姦など，大胆な描写で性の問題を追求した。平和主義者としての信念から第1次世界大戦中はノルウェーに，第2次大戦中はスイス，デンマークに亡命。代表作は膨大な3部作の小説『岸辺なき川』 Fluss ohne Ufer (49～61) 。

ヤーン
Jerne， Niels Kai

[生]1911.12.23. ロンドン
[没]1994.10.5/7. カスティージョ・デュ・ガール
イギリス生れのデンマークの免疫学者。イギリスの国籍ももっていた。両親はデンマーク人。オランダのライデン大学卒業後，デンマーク国立血清研究所の研究員となる (1943～55) 。コペンハーゲン大学より博士号取得 (1951) 。世界保健機関の主任医務官 (56～62) ののち，スイスのバーゼル免疫学研究所の創設に尽力，所長もつとめた (69～80) 。免疫学の重要な理論を次々に提唱，1974年に発表したネットワーク説で，抗原と抗体の相互作用を通じて免疫系全体がどのように調節されているかを説明した。 C.ミルシュタイン，G.ケーラーとともに 84年ノーベル生理学・医学賞を受賞。

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