Nasal polyp

Japanese: 鼻茸 - はなたけ(英語表記)Nasal polyp
Nasal polyp

What is the disease?

Paranasal sinus mucosa ( Lottery roll ) or inflammatory proliferative disorders arising from the nasal mucosa Mass ( Production ) So, the shape is, Stem ( Stalk ) There are many different types of nasal mucosa, from pear-shaped to bell-shaped, watery and edematous, to red and fibrous. There are also unilocular, multilocular, and nasal mucosa that fill the nasal cavity. Posterior nostril ( Travel ) There are also posterior nasal polyps that grow in the nasal cavity (Figure 5). They are also called nasal polyps.

What is the cause?

The cause of nasal polyps is not a single one, but rather it is believed that various factors are involved. However, nasal polyps can also be caused by sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, Bronchial asthma ( Asthma ) As these conditions are common in many cases, infection and allergy are the most likely causes.

The incidence of nasal polyps in each disease is shown in Table 2.

How symptoms manifest

The most common symptom in patients with nasal polyps is nasal congestion. If nasal congestion is severe on both sides, bilateral nasal polyps or choanal polyps should be suspected. The next most common symptom is olfactory disorder. nasal discharge ( Biju ) , Postnasal drip ( Koubirou ) , and headaches. In addition, if asthma or allergic rhinitis is also present, the respective symptoms will also be present.

Testing and diagnosis

First, the patient is interviewed to check for allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, and aspirin hypersensitivity. Diagnosis is based on a nasal fiberoptic (endoscopic) examination. Nasal polyps are usually observed growing from the middle nasal meatus. The endoscope is also used to check for nasal polyps in the posterior and superior areas. Very moist and highly edematous nasal polyps tend to be more common in cases involving allergies.

We also observe whether the nasal discharge is purulent, viscous, or watery. Furthermore, we also perform imaging diagnostics such as nasal sinus X-rays and CT scans, nasal discharge bacterial tests, and allergy tests. These tests will determine whether the nasal polyps are infectious or have a strong allergic component.

Treatment methods

The purpose of treating nasal polyps is to improve symptoms caused by the polyps themselves, such as nasal congestion and olfactory disorders. Then, associated symptoms such as postnasal drip, rhinorrhea, heavy head, and sleep-disordered breathing are also improved. Furthermore, if there is a coexisting disease of the lower respiratory tract, respiratory function can be improved by enabling nasal breathing or reducing postnasal drip.

Regarding systemic drug therapy, in cases where there is no comorbidity such as bronchial asthma and nasal polyps are accompanied by purulent or mucopurulent nasal discharge, there is a high possibility that the polyps are associated with infectious sinusitis. Membered ring system ( Inquiry ) Macrolide therapy involves long-term administration of small amounts of macrolides (erythromycin, etc.). For nasal polyps that are thought to have a strong allergic element or that are complicated by asthma, oral administration of anti-allergy medication and nasal steroid drops are used.

If conservative treatment is ineffective, surgical treatment is selected. Since simple removal of nasal polyps leads to a high recurrence rate, endoscopic sinus surgery is performed to remove the lesion.

What to do if you notice an illness

The various symptoms of nasal polyps can have a significant impact on your daily life. Sinusitis ( Chikunousho ) If you have been diagnosed with chronic sinusitis or allergic rhinitis, you may have nasal polyps, and we recommend that you visit an otolaryngologist.

Yukiko Iino, Yasushi Ohta

Figure 5 Nasal polyps
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Figure 5 Nasal polyps

Table 2. Incidence of nasal polyps in various diseases
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Table 2. Incidence of nasal polyps in various diseases


Source: Houken “Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia” Information about the Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia

Japanese:

どんな病気か

 副鼻腔粘膜(ふくびくうねんまく)または鼻腔粘膜から生じる炎症性増殖性の腫瘤(しゅりゅう)で、形は、(くき)を有する洋梨状、釣り鐘状で、みずみずしく浮腫状のものから、発赤があるもの、線維性のものなど、多種多様です。また、単房性のもの、多房性のもの、鼻腔内を充満するもの、さらには後鼻孔(こうびこう)方向に発育する後鼻孔鼻茸もあります(図5)。鼻ポリープとも呼ばれています。

原因は何か

 鼻茸の発症の原因は単一なものではなく、種々の因子が関与しているものと考えられています。しかし、鼻茸は副鼻腔炎、アレルギー性鼻炎、気管支喘息(きかんしぜんそく)の症例での合併が多いため、感染とアレルギーが原因として最も有力です。

 各病気における鼻茸の合併率を表2に示します。

症状の現れ方

 鼻茸をもつ患者さんで、最も頻度の高い症状が鼻づまりです。鼻づまりが両側にわたって高度な場合は両側性鼻茸、あるいは後鼻孔ポリープも疑うべきです。次いで頻度の高い症状は嗅覚障害、鼻汁(びじゅう)後鼻漏(こうびろう)、頭痛です。また、喘息、アレルギー性鼻炎が合併する場合には、それぞれの症状が伴います。

検査と診断

 まず、問診でアレルギー性鼻炎の有無、気管支喘息の合併の有無、アスピリン過敏性の有無をチェックします。診断は、鼻腔ファイバー(内視鏡)による検査が基本です。通常は、中鼻道から鼻茸が発生しているのが観察されます。また、内視鏡を用いて後方や上方にも鼻茸がないかどうかを観察します。非常にみずみずしい、高度に浮腫状の鼻茸は、アレルギーの関与がある症例に多い傾向があります。

 また、鼻汁の性状が膿性であるか、粘性であるか、水様性であるかを観察します。さらに、鼻副鼻腔X線やCTなどの画像診断、鼻汁細菌検査、アレルギー検査も行います。これらの検査で、その鼻茸が感染性のものか、あるいはアレルギー性の要素が強いかが推定されます。

治療の方法

 鼻茸の治療の目的は、鼻づまりや嗅覚障害といった鼻茸そのものによる症状を改善することです。次いで後鼻漏や鼻漏、頭重感、睡眠呼吸障害などの付随症状も改善します。さらに、下気道の病気を合併している場合は、鼻呼吸を可能にすること、あるいは後鼻漏が軽減することによって呼吸機能の改善が得られます。

 全身的薬物療法としては、気管支喘息などの合併がなく、膿性あるいは粘膿性の鼻汁を伴う鼻茸の場合は感染型副鼻腔炎に伴う鼻茸の可能性が高いため、14員環系(いんかんけい)マクロライド(エリスロマイシンなど)の少量長期投与(マクロライド療法)を行います。また、アレルギー要素の強いと思われる鼻茸、あるいは喘息の合併する鼻茸に関しては、抗アレルギー薬の内服、ステロイド薬の点鼻が行われます。

 保存療法で効果が得られない場合は、手術療法が選択されます。単なる鼻茸切除だけでは高率に再発を起こすため、内視鏡下で鼻内副鼻腔手術を行って病巣を除去します。

病気に気づいたらどうする

 鼻茸による種々の症状が、日常生活に与える影響は大きいものがあります。鼻づまりがひどく、以前から蓄膿症(ちくのうしょう)(慢性副鼻腔炎)やアレルギー性鼻炎といわれたことがある場合は鼻茸ができている可能性があり、耳鼻咽喉科の受診をすすめます。

飯野 ゆき子, 太田 康

図5 鼻茸
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図5 鼻茸

表2 種々の病気における鼻茸の合併率
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表2 種々の病気における鼻茸の合併率


出典 法研「六訂版 家庭医学大全科」六訂版 家庭医学大全科について 情報

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