uranium

Japanese: ウラン
uranium

U. An element with atomic number 92. It is an actinide element in group 3 of the periodic table with the electron configuration [Rn] 5f36d17s2 . Atomic weight 238.02891(3). Naturally occurring isotopes include 234U0.0055 (2)%, 235U0.7200 (51)%, and 238U99.2745 (106)%. Nuclides with mass numbers between 217 and 242 are known. All are radioactive. The half-lives are 2.455× 105y (alpha decay) for 234U , 2.038 × 108y (alpha decay), and 4.468 × 109y (alpha decay) for 238U. A small proportion of all three nuclides decay by spontaneous fission. It has the largest atomic number of any element that has existed since the creation of the Earth. Its existence in uraninite was predicted by MH Klaproth in 1789. It was named after the planet Uranus, which was discovered around the same time. The Japanese name for the element comes from the German name. In his book "Semitsu Kaisou" published in 1837, Udagawa Yoan called it uranium. The first isolation of the metal was by EM Péligot in 1841. The existence of radioactivity was first recognized by AH Becquerel in 1896. Nuclear fission was confirmed by O. Hahn and F. Strassmann in 1939.
Its abundance in the earth's crust is 0.91 ppm, which is higher than that of silver and cadmium. Its abundance in seawater is 3.2 μg L -1 . There are many minerals that contain uranium, but the main minerals are uraninite, uraninite, carnotite, autunite, uraninite, coffinite, and chuyamunite. The main resource-producing countries are Australia, Kazakhstan, Canada, South Africa, and the United States. Of the confirmed world reserves of 3.3 million tons in 2005, Australia had 750,000 tons, Kazakhstan had 510,000 tons, and Canada had 350,000 tons, accounting for just under 50%. It is smelted by reduction of molten halides with alkali metals or alkaline earth metals, electrolytic reduction, or reduction of oxides with Ca or Al. Historically, it was obtained by reducing anhydrous tetrachloride with potassium. For the smelting process for nuclear fuel, see Nuclear fuel cycle. The elemental form is a silvery-white metal that is malleable. It exists in three forms: α (orthorhombic), β (tetragonal), and γ (cubic). The α → β transition occurs at 667 °C, and the β → γ transition occurs at 778 °C. Density: 19.05 g cm -3 (α form), 18.11 g cm -3 (720 °C, β form), 18.06 g cm -3 (805 °C, γ form). Melting point: 1132.2 °C, boiling point: 3820 °C. It becomes superconducting at 0.2 K. Atomic radius: 0.1542 nm. Ionic radius: U 3+ : 0.1025 nm. First ionization energy: 597.2 kJ mol -1 (6.191 eV). It is chemically active and forms compounds with most elements. Powder ignites in air, and reacts with hot water to form UO 2 and hydrogen. It is also eroded by cold water. The metal surface oxidizes in air. It dissolves in acids and releases hydrogen. It is insoluble in alkalis. At high temperatures it reacts with hydrogen to form UH3 , and with nitrogen to form U3N4 . It also forms halides with halogens. The oxidation numbers in its compounds are 1, 2, 4-6.
Its largest use is as nuclear fuel. Normal power reactors use uranium enriched to 3% 235 U, but research reactors and nuclear weapons use uranium enriched to over 90%. Uranium enriched to over 90% (especially 93.5%) is called weapons-grade. Uranium with an isotope abundance of 235 U reduced to around 0.2% is called depleted uranium, and is used to increase the penetration power of bullets and in tank armor. Due to its high density, it is also used in inertial guidance systems, gyrocompasses, and missile ballast. Uranium salts have long been used to color glass yellow-green, and glassware from AD79 excavated near Naples contained 1% uranium oxide. Uranium glass is also used to adjust the thermal expansion of glass and to enclose metals.
Uranium, as a heavy metal, is toxic to the kidneys and liver, and is highly radiotoxic and carcinogenic when ingested. Uranium is a nuclear fuel material and nuclear raw material as defined by the Atomic Energy Basic Law, and the Enforcement Order of the Law Concerning the Regulation of Nuclear Raw Material, Nuclear Fuel Material, and Nuclear Reactors requires a license for use when it exceeds 300 g. The International Atomic Energy Agency's "International Basic Safety Standards" published in 1996 propose lowering this limit to 1 x 10 4 Bq (equivalent to 0.8 g), and studies are underway to add 1 to 300 g to the scope of restrictions in accordance with this value. [CAS 7440-61-1]

Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition

Japanese:

U.原子番号92の元素.電子配置[Rn]5f 36d17s2の周期表3族アクチノイド元素.原子量238.02891(3).天然には,234U0.0055(2)%,235U0.7200(51)%,238U99.2745(106)% の同位体核種が存在する.質量数217~242の核種が知られている.いずれも放射性.半減期は234U2.455×105 y(α崩壊),235U2.038×108 y(α崩壊),238U4.468×109 y(α崩壊).3核種ともごく一部,自発核分裂で崩壊する.地球創世期から存在する元素として最大の原子番号をもつ.1789年,M.H. Klaprothによりせんウラン鉱(pitchblend,uranite)中に存在が推定された.同じころに発見された天王星“uranus”にちなんで命名された.日本語の元素名はドイツ語名から.宇田川榕菴は天保8年(1837年)に出版した「舎密開宗」で,烏刺紐母(ウラニウム)としている.金属としての最初の分離は,1841年,E-M. Péligotによる.放射能の存在は,1896年,A.H. Becquerel(ベクレル)によってはじめて認識された.核分裂の確認は,1939年,O. Hahn(ハーン)とF. Strassmannによる.
地殻中の存在度0.91 ppm で,銀,カドミウムより多い.海水中の存在度は3.2 μg L-1.ウランを含有する鉱物は非常に多いが,資源的におもな鉱物は,せんウラン鉱,レキ青ウラン鉱,カルノー石,りん灰ウラン鉱,リン銅ウラン鉱,コフイン石,チューヤムン石など.主要資源国はオーストラリア,カザフスタン,カナダ,南アフリカ,アメリカなど.2005年世界の確認埋蔵量330万t のうち,オーストラリア75万t,カザフスタン51万t,カナダ35万t で50% 弱を占める.製錬は溶融ハロゲン化物のアルカリ金属,またはアルカリ土類金属による還元,電解還元,または酸化物のCa,Alによる還元で行われる.歴史的には,無水四塩化物をカリウムで還元して得られた.核燃料用の製錬工程は核燃料サイクル参照.単体は銀白色の金属で,展延性がある.α(斜方),β(正方),γ(立方)の3形があり,667 ℃ でα→β,778 ℃ でβ→γの転移が起こる.密度19.05 g cm-3(α型),18.11 g cm-3(720 ℃,β形),18.06 g cm-3(805 ℃,γ形).融点1132.2 ℃,沸点3820 ℃.0.2 K で超伝導となる.原子半径0.1542 nm.イオン半径 U3+0.1025 nm.第一イオン化エネルギー597.2 kJ mol-1(6.191 eV).化学的に活性で,ほとんどの元素と化合物をつくる.粉末は空気中で発火し,熱水と反応してUO2と水素になる.冷水にも侵される.金属は空気中で表面が酸化される.酸に溶けて水素を発生する.アルカリに不溶.高温で水素と反応してUH3となり,窒素と反応してU3N4をつくる.また,ハロゲンとはハロゲン化物をつくる.化合物中の酸化数は1,2,4~6をとる.
最大の用途は核燃料.通常の発電用原子炉では235U3% 濃縮のものが使われるが,研究用原子炉,あるいは核兵器では90% 以上の濃縮ウランが使用される.90% 以上(とくに93.5%)の濃縮ウランは兵器級(weapons-grade)とよばれる.0.2% 程度に235U同位体存在度が減っているものを劣化ウランとよび,弾丸の貫通力を高めるために,また戦車の装甲に使用される.密度の高いことから慣性誘導装置,ジャイロコンパス,ミサイルのバラストにも利用される.ウラン塩は古くからガラスを黄緑色に着色するために用いられ,ナポリ付近から出土したA.D.79年のガラス製品には酸化ウランが1% 含まれていた.ガラスの熱膨張率を調整して金属を封入する際にもウラニウムガラスが使用される.
ウランは重金属として腎臓,肝臓に対する毒性があり,同時に体内に摂取されると放射性毒性が高く,発がん性がある.ウランは原子力基本法のいう核燃料物質・核原料物質で,「核原料物質,核燃料物質及び原子炉の規制に関する法律施行令」により,300 g を超える場合は使用許可を要する.国際原子力機関が1996年に刊行した「国際基本安全基準」は,この限度を1×104 Bq(0.8 g 相当)に下げることを提示しており,この値に準拠して1~300 g を規制対象に加える検討が進められている.[CAS 7440-61-1]

出典 森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)」化学辞典 第2版について 情報

<<:  Ulan-Ude

>>:  Urawa [city] - Urawa

Recommend

Ishiyamagire

This refers to the fragments of "Ise-shu&quo...

Kanteletar - Kanteretar (English spelling)

A collection of Finnish national lyric poetry. Th...

Electric power system

A general term for the entire system of power pla...

Sawamura Sojuro

A Kabuki actor. His stage name has been Kinokuniy...

Nymphulinae

...General term for insects of the family Pyralid...

Chersky Mountains (English spelling) Khrebet Cherskogo

A mountain range in northern Eastern Siberia, Russ...

Electron impact spectroscopy

...When electrons are bombarded against a materia...

Shibaie - Play picture

A general term for paintings related to Kabuki, a...

Sea of ​​Okhotsk - Okhotsk Sea (English spelling)

A marginal sea in the northwest Pacific Ocean, se...

Raindrop erosion

…Rain wash is the process by which rainwater dire...

Onbansama - Onbansama

...In addition, in eastern Japan, Sozen-sama is o...

Bamboo crafts

Bamboo crafts are bamboo products made by cutting...

Austronesian languages

A generic name for the local languages ​​spoken i...

《Maiden's Star》

…At the age of 61 at the time, he showed off his ...

Reedbuck - Reedback (English spelling)

A mammal of the bovidae family in the order Artiod...