It is a science that studies how chemical substances, called drugs, act on living organisms, that is, the interactions between drugs and living organisms. Schmiedeberg of Germany is said to be the founder of modern pharmacology, who systematically studied the dose-response relationship of drugs using animals. In other words, the effects of drugs were first tested on animals, and then methods were established to study them using organs and tissues extracted from the animals themselves. The subjects were then expanded from the cellular to molecular level, and detailed elucidations were made, leading to progress as experimental pharmacology. In general, pharmacology is a field of life science based on physiology, biochemistry, microbiology, physics, and chemistry. It was traditionally included in basic medicine, and in the pharmaceutical department it was also called pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, and drug action science, but nowadays it is often called pharmacology without distinction between medicine and pharmacy. Below is a list of related specialties included in pharmacology. Pharmacology is the study of drugs themselves, such as their origin, manufacturing method, chemical structure, and physicochemical properties. Pharmacodynamics is the study of the effects of drugs on the body, the site of action, and the mechanism of action. Pharmacokinetics is the study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs administered to the body using kinetics. Toxicology, which studies the effects, treatment, and prevention of poisoning caused by chemical substances such as drugs and poisons, is also taught as a branch of pharmacology. Molecular pharmacology is the field that elucidates the mechanism of action of drugs at the molecular level, and comparative pharmacology is the field that comparatively studies the differences in drug action and pharmacokinetics between animal species. Clinical pharmacology is conducted for humans, and is based on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. As the mechanism of immunity was elucidated, immunosuppressants and immunostimulants were developed, and immunopharmacology is the field that studies the pharmacological effects of these drugs. Because the effects of drugs also affect mental functions, psychoneuropharmacology has also developed for animals and humans, especially psychiatric patients. In animal experiments, the behavior of animals is used as an indicator of mental function, and behavioral pharmacology is a branch of psychoneuropharmacology. On the other hand, there are phenomena in which the effects (side effects) of drugs, known as drug hypersensitivity or idiosyncrasies, differ depending on the species and individual, and there is also pharmacogenetics, which studies this genetic background pharmacologically based on genetics and biochemistry. There is also developmental pharmacology, which studies the effects of drugs in the perinatal period from fetus to newborn. [Fumiji Koho] [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
化学物質である薬物が生体に対してどのように作用するか、すなわち薬物と生体との相互作用について研究する学問をいう。ドイツのシュミーデベルクは、動物を用いて薬物の用量反応関係を科学的に系統だって研究し、近代薬理学の創始者といわれる。つまり、薬物の作用はまず動物を用いて実験され、動物そのものから摘出した臓器や組織を用いて研究する方法が確立し、さらに細胞から分子レベルまでその対象が広がって詳細に解明され、実験薬理学として進歩を遂げてきた。一般に薬理学とは、生理学、生化学、微生物学、物理および化学を基盤とする生命科学の一分野であり、従来は基礎医学に含まれ、薬学部門では薬物学、薬効学、薬品作用学ともよばれたが、現在では医学・薬学の区別なく薬理学とよぶことが多い。以下、薬理学に含まれる関連専門分野について列挙する。 薬物の起源、製法、化学構造、物理化学的性状など、薬物そのものを研究するのが薬物学であり、薬物の生体への影響、作用部位、作用機序などを主として研究するのが薬力学、生体に投与された薬物の吸収、分布、代謝、排泄(はいせつ)という体内動態を速度論を用いて研究するのが薬物動態学である。また、薬物や毒物など化学物質による中毒について、その作用、治療、予防などを研究対象とする中毒学も、薬理学の一部門として講義されている。さらに、薬物の作用機序を分子レベルで解明する分野が分子薬理学であり、薬物の作用やその体内動態について動物種属間の差異を比較研究する学問が比較薬理学である。臨床薬理学というのはヒトを対象としたもので、薬物動態学や薬力学などを基礎に行われている。なお、免疫の機序が解明されるとともに免疫抑制剤や免疫促進剤が開発され、これらの薬理作用を研究する分野として免疫薬理学がある。薬物の作用は精神機能にも影響を与えることから、動物およびヒト、とくに精神病患者を対象とした精神神経薬理学も発展してきた。動物実験では動物の行動を精神機能の指標としており、精神神経薬理学の一分野として行動薬理学という名称もある。一方、薬物に対する過敏症または特異体質などとよばれる薬物の作用(副作用)が種属や個体によって異なる現象がみられ、この遺伝的背景を遺伝学や生化学を基礎として薬理学的に研究する薬理遺伝学もある。また、周産期を対象として、薬物の作用を胎児から新生児に至る過程で研究する発生薬理学も知られる。 [幸保文治] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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