A type of wood processing machine, along with lumber machines and plywood machines, used to process wooden materials such as wooden furniture and fittings. Because the blade rotates at a higher speed than metal-cutting machine tools, it is prone to generate heat and smoke during cutting, vibrate and make a lot of noise, and chips are prone to scattering. For this reason, measures are taken to dynamically adjust the balance of high-speed rotating parts, to make bearings dust-proof, and to prevent vibration and danger. [Shimizu Shinji] kindsThey can be broadly divided into saws, planers, shaping and cutting machines, woodworking lathes, drilling machines, tenon cutting machines, jointing machines, and finishing machines. [Shimizu Shinji] SawThese machines are used to cut lumber into pieces suitable for use (called cutting), and include band saws, circular saws, and scroll saws (jigsaws). Band saws are primarily used for cutting vertically along the grain of the board and for cutting into curved shapes, but they can also be used for cross-cutting short pieces of material. There are various types of circular saws, from those for rough cutting of wood to those for precision work, and their types vary according to the type of table, the type of saw shaft, the type of material feed, and the type of sawing device. There are also machines for vertical cutting and cross cutting, but many machines can do both by changing the saw. Typical examples include vertical saws, cross saws, and lifting circular saws. Lifting circular saws can be used for a variety of purposes, including cutting wood, joining, grooving, and chamfering. [Shimizu Shinji] PlanerThere are various types of planers, including hand planers and automatic one-, two-, three-, and four-sided planers, and they are used for surface processing. A hand planer is a machine that cuts the bottom surface of a material by pushing it against a table while feeding it out, creating a flat reference surface. It is also called a smoothing planer because it is used to smooth out unevenness on the material surface. An automatic single-surface planer is a machine that places the surface that has been machined by a hand planer face down on a work plate, automatically feeding the material while planing the top surface and determining the thickness. An automatic two-sided planer is a planer that cuts two sides in one pass. There are two types of automatic single-sided planer: one that cuts the top and bottom sides of the workpiece by incorporating the functions of a hand-operated planer, and one that cuts two right-angled sides of building materials such as pillars. An automatic three-sided planer is a machine that has vertical planing axes on either side of the output table of an automatic single-sided planer, and uses this to plan the other two sides perpendicular to the side on which the thickness has been determined, thereby determining the width. An automatic four-sided planer is a machine that places vertical planing axes on either side of the output table of an automatic two-sided planer, and cuts the other two sides perpendicular to a surface on which the unevenness and thickness of the plate have been determined, thereby determining the cross section. In addition to the functions mentioned above, automatic multi-surface planers are automated machines that can also perform tasks such as chamfering and grooving, and are widely used on furniture production lines and prefabricated housing lines. [Shimizu Shinji] Forming and cutting machineShaping and cutting machines include chamfering machines and router machines. A chamfering machine is a machine that chamfers the edges of materials, and by changing the cutter, it can process various cross-sectional shapes. Typical examples include chamfering the decorative edges of picture frames and the decorative edges of building materials and furniture frames. In addition to chamfering, router machines can perform a variety of processes such as drilling, cutting, countersinking, and engraving. Router work involves high-speed cutting so that the processed surface can be used as the finished surface as is, but depending on the product, further finishing processes such as grinding and polishing may be required. [Shimizu Shinji] Woodworking latheThis is a machine that processes materials by pressing a blade against the rotating material. There are woodworking lathes for external round cutting, thread cutting, taper cutting, and curved surface cutting, and front-turning lathes used for cutting the outer circumference of vessels and boring. [Shimizu Shinji] Drilling MachineThere are machines used for drilling, including chisels that make square holes and drill presses that make circular holes. A type of drill press, the radial drill press, is used to make holes in large materials that cannot be processed with a drill press that has a narrow pocket. The mechanism of the drill press is the same as that for metal processing, but the bit angle and spindle rotation speed are different, and the feed speed can be made faster. [Shimizu Shinji] Cutting machineThis machine performs the beveling process, and allows you to freely select the length of the bevel neck, the thickness of the bevel, the inclination of the butt surface, the bevel shape, etc. There are single-axis and multi-axis machines, and horizontal and vertical cutter shafts. In addition, among the multi-axis machines, there are also double-sided beveling machines that perform the beveling process on both sides of the frame material in one process. [Shimizu Shinji] Joint processing machineThese machines perform complex joint processing accurately and efficiently, and include corner locking machines and dovetail machines. A corner locking machine is a machine that has a combination cutter (locking cutter) attached to the main shaft, which rotates to chip away the end surface of a board in a hail-like pattern. A dovetail machine is a machine that simultaneously processes the dovetail and drills holes for dovetail joints on the ends of boards. [Shimizu Shinji] Finishing MachinesThese are used to reduce the roughness of the machined surface and obtain a better finished surface. Examples include super-finishing planers and belt sanders. The super-finishing planer is a finishing machine that directly applies the cutting method of a hand planer. A belt sander runs a belt-shaped abrasive cloth over the workpiece, pressing it against it to grind and polish it. The advantage of this type of sander is that it processes horizontal surfaces, making it easy to determine the thickness and it is relatively unlikely to clog during grinding. [Shimizu Shinji] Woodworking Machine AutomationLike metal-cutting machine tools, woodworking machines are becoming more automated and labor-saving. For example, router machines are now numerically controlled, and can perform complex three-dimensional decorative processing automatically. In addition, multiple high-performance automatic machines are connected by conveyors to form processing lines, and transfer machines that work according to a program are in use in various factories. [Shimizu Shinji] [Reference item] |©Takashi Aoki Saw structure (band saw) ©Shogakukan "> Structure of a planer (super-finishing planer) ©Takashi Aoki Structure of a drill press (upright drill press) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
製材機械や合板機械と並ぶ木材加工機械の一種で、木製家具や建具などの木製部材を加工するための機械。刃物が金属切削工作機械に比べて高速で回転するので、ともすれば切削時に発熱、発煙し、振動や騒音が多く、切り粉は飛び散りやすい。このため、高速回転部分の動的バランス調整、軸受部の防塵(ぼうじん)、防振や危険防止の対策が講じられている。 [清水伸二] 種類鋸盤(のこばん)、かんな盤、成形削り機械、木工旋盤、穴あけ機械、枘(ほぞ)取り盤、組継ぎ加工用機械、仕上げ加工用機械などに大別できる。 [清水伸二] 鋸盤材木を用材に適するように切る(木取りという)機械で、帯鋸盤、丸鋸盤、ひき回し鋸盤(糸鋸盤)などがある。 帯鋸盤は、おもに板の繊維方向に沿って切る縦挽(たてび)きと、曲線形状に切る曲線挽きに用いるが、短材の横挽きも可能である。 丸鋸盤は、木取り用荒挽きから精密な細工用までの各種があり、その形式も、テーブルの形式、鋸軸の形式、送材の形式、鋸装置の形式などによっていろいろである。また縦挽き用と横挽き用とがあるが、鋸を交換して縦挽きと横挽きの両方を行うことが可能な機械も多い。代表的なものとして、縦挽き盤、横挽き盤、昇降丸鋸盤などがある。昇降丸鋸盤は、木取りはもちろんのこと、組継ぎ加工、溝突きや面取り加工など多目的に使用できる。 [清水伸二] かんな盤かんな盤には、手押しかんな盤、自動一面、二面、三面、四面かんな盤などがあり、面加工用に用いられる。 手押しかんな盤は、材料をテーブルに押し付けながら送り出すことによって材料の下面を削り、平らな基準面をつくりだす機械である。材料表面のむら取りに使われることから、むら取りかんな盤ともよばれる。 自動一面かんな盤は、手押しかんな盤によって加工された面を下にして定盤に接しながら、自動的に材料を送りながら上面を削り、厚さ決めをする機械である。 自動二面かんな盤は、1回の送材で二面を切削するかんな盤である。自動一面かんな盤の機構の一部に手押しかんな盤の機能を取り入れて、被削材の上下二面を切削するものと、柱など建築用部材の直角な二面を削り出すものとがある。 自動三面かんな盤は、自動一面かんな盤の送り出し側テーブルの左右に立てかんな軸があって、厚さ決めをした面に垂直に他の二面を削り、幅を決める機械である。 自動四面かんな盤は、自動二面かんな盤の送り出し側テーブルの左右に立てかんな軸を置き、むら取りと板厚を決められた面に垂直に他の二面を削り、断面を決める機械である。 自動多面かんな盤は、以上の機能に加えて、面取りや、溝突きなどの作業を付加した自動機械として、家具の生産ラインや、プレハブ住宅用の各ラインで多用されている。 [清水伸二] 成形削り機械成形削り機械には、面取り盤、ルーターマシンなどがある。 面取り盤は、部材の面取り加工を行う機械で、カッターをかえることによって各種の断面形状が加工できる。額縁の加飾用面削りや、建具や家具の框(かまち)材などの飾り面削りなどの作業は代表的な例である。 ルーターマシンは、面取り作業に加えて、穿(せん)孔、切り抜き、ざぐり、彫刻など各種の加工ができる。ルーター作業は、加工面がそのまま仕上げ面として使用できるように高速切削をしているが、製品によっては、さらに研削・研摩などの仕上げ加工が必要となる。 [清水伸二] 木工旋盤回転させた材料に刃物を押し当てて加工を行う機械である。外丸削り、ねじ切り、テーパー削り、曲面削り用の木工旋盤と、器物の外周削りや中ぐり用に使用される前挽き旋盤とがある。 [清水伸二] 穴あけ機械穴あけ作業に用いる機械で、角穴をあける角のみ盤、円形の穴をあけるボール盤がある。ボール盤の一種のラジアルボール盤は、懐(ふところ)の狭いボール盤では加工できない大きな材料の穴あけに使われる。ボール盤の機構は、金属加工用と同じであるが、きりの刃先角と主軸回転数が異なり、送り速度も速くできる。 [清水伸二] 枘取り盤枘取り加工を行う機械で、枘首長さ、枘厚、胴突き面の傾斜、枘型など自由に選択できる。単軸のものと多軸のもの、カッター軸が横形のものと立て形のものがある。また多軸のものには、一工程で框材の両側に枘取り加工をする両側枘取り盤もある。 [清水伸二] 組継ぎ加工用機械複雑な組継ぎ加工を正確、高能率に行う機械で、コーナーロッキングマシン、ダブテールマシンなどがある。 コーナーロッキングマシンは、組合せカッター(ロッキングカッター)を主軸に取り付け、これを回転して、板の木口面をあられ状に欠き取って加工する機械である。 ダブテールマシンは、板の木口に、蟻(あり)組継ぎ用の枘加工と枘穴加工を一度に行う機械である。 [清水伸二] 仕上げ加工用機械加工面の粗さを小さくし、いっそうよい仕上げ面を得るために用いられる。超仕上げかんな盤、ベルトサンダーなどがある。 超仕上げかんな盤は、手かんなの切削方式をそのまま応用した仕上げ加工用機械である。 ベルトサンダーは、ベルト状研摩布を走行させ、加工物をこれに押し当てて研削・研摩する。機構上水平面の加工なので厚さ決めをしやすいこと、研削中の目づまりが比較的少ないなどの利点がある。 [清水伸二] 木工機械の自動化木工機械も金属切削工作機械と同様に自動化、省力化が進み、たとえば、ルーターマシンなどは数値制御化され、三次元の複雑な装飾加工も自動的に行えるようになっている。また、複数台の高性能自動機械をコンベヤーで連結して加工ラインを構成し、プログラムどおりに作業を行うトランスファーマシンが各工場で活躍している。 [清水伸二] [参照項目] |©青木 隆"> 鋸盤の構造(帯鋸盤) ©Shogakukan"> かんな盤の構造(超仕上げかんな盤) ©青木 隆"> ボール盤の構造(直立ボール盤) 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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