Lost official status - Mokkan

The confiscation of people, goods, and property to officials. This is one of the penalties in the Code, and is usually called an additional penalty, but for jin, it is the main penalty. For jin, the father, son, and family of a person who committed treason or high treason are confiscated from their official duties and become official households or official slaves, except for those over 80 years old and seriously ill. There are three types of confiscation of goods and property: theft of property of both parties in cases such as misappropriation of property, prohibited property such as weapons and books that are prohibited from private ownership, and property of criminals who committed treason or high treason. In the Tang Code, which is based on the mother code, in the case of treason or high treason, the father and children over 16 years old are strangled, and children under 15, mothers, women, wives and concubines, children's wives and concubines, grandfathers, grandchildren, and siblings are confiscated. The punishment is heavier than in Japan, and the scope of confiscated property is much broader. The Gishiwajinden (Records of the Wei Dynasty of Wa) states, "For those who committed minor offenses, their wives and children were taken..." and there are similar articles in the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, so it is considered to be a type of traditional punishment. There is also an example of "confiscation of five officials" in the case of Fujiwara no Hirotsugu in 740 (Tenpyo 12). Other similar words include confiscated official land and confiscated territory, such as the confiscation of official territory by the Emperor Goshirakawa in 1183 (Juei 2) when he pursued the Taira clan.

[Katsumi Kikuchi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

人や物品・財産を官に没収すること。律の刑罰の一つで、普通付加刑といわれるが、人については主刑となる。人の場合、謀反(むへん)・大逆を犯した者の父子と家人は、年80以上、篤疾(とくしつ)者を除き没官されて官戸・官奴婢(ぬひ)となる。物品・財産の没官には、受財枉法(おうほう)などの場合の彼比倶罪(ひしぐざい)の贓(ぞう)、私有を禁止された兵器・禁書など犯禁物、謀反・大逆の犯罪者の財産の3種がある。母法の唐律では謀反・大逆の場合、父と年16以上の子が絞(こう)、15以下の子、母、女、妻妾(さいしょう)、子の妻妾、祖孫、兄弟姉妹が没官と規定し、日本に比べ刑が重く、没官の範囲もはるかに広い。『魏志倭人伝』(ぎしわじんでん)に「其犯法、軽者没其妻子……」とみえ、『古事記』『日本書紀』に類似記事があり、伝統的刑罰の一種とみられる。740年（天平12）の藤原広嗣(ひろつぐ)の事件に際する「没官五人」などの例もある。また、類語に没官地、没官領などがあり、1183年（寿永2）後白河(ごしらかわ)院による平家追討時の平家没官領などの事例がある。

［菊池克美］

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