A method of printing in which a design is carved into a board and then printed out using a relief printing method, and the resulting work. In Japan, cherry wood is the main board used for this type of woodblock printing, while boxwood is used in the West. In recent years, many artists have started using plywood. Metal cut and woodblock prints, which will be described later, are also generally considered to be woodblock prints in the broad sense. [Haruki Yaegashi] History and TechniquesAlthough woodblock printing is the oldest form of printing, its origins are not easily determined, because the method of printing (or imprinting) images by relief printing could have arisen spontaneously anywhere, at any time, without even having to wait for examples such as cylinder seals from the Sumerian period (c. 3000 BCE). [Haruki Yaegashi] JapanIt seems to have been introduced from China during the Nara period, but it is said that the first images were engraved on woodblocks in China during the Tang dynasty, and most of the early examples were related to Buddhism. In Japan, early works were also related to Buddhism, and many examples remain today. In China, it was limited to illustrations related to Buddhism and Taoism until modern times, but in Japan, it was used as an important artistic tool, such as in the pictures in the "Fan-shaped Lotus Sutra Booklet" and the decoration of the paper in "Anthology of Thirty-six Artists" in the late Heian period. In the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, a considerable number of hand-colored woodblock Buddhist paintings were produced, and woodblock prints were often used for the patterns and decorations of picture scrolls, illustrations, folding screens, and other art. In the Edo period, woodblock prints developed rapidly along with the appearance of ukiyo-e. The birth of ukiyo-e prints was a groundbreaking event in the history of printmaking, but it is also notable for creating a division of labor between painters, carvers, and printers. [Haruki Yaegashi] WesternThe oldest work with a date is from 1423, and considering various circumstances, woodblock prints appear to have matured considerably by the end of the 14th century. What is interesting is that early woodblock prints, also in the West, developed in connection with religious faith. They depict images of Christ, the Virgin Mary, and saints, and many were made in monasteries and other places, and were pasted on the doorways and furniture of common people's homes to prevent fires, theft, epidemics, and so on. From the mid-15th century, with the development of woodblock and printed books, woodblock prints came to be used frequently as illustrations, and attractive works aimed at hobbyists also appeared, and production shifted from monks to artisans. In Europe, where the guild system was well established, copperplate engravers belonged to the guild of metalworkers, and woodblock printmakers to the guild of carpenters. For a period in the second half of the 15th century (around 1460-1480), metalcut prints, which were highly decorative and made by striking images into soft metals such as tin with various shaped chisels (often supplemented by a carving knife called a burin), and printing them using the relief printing method, became popular among metalworkers, but they rapidly fell out of use before the 16th century. It was the German Renaissance master Dürer who gave high artistic expression to woodblock prints, which were generally a popular art. He produced a series of excellent woodblock prints, including "The Passion of Christ (Great Passion)", "The Apocalypse", and "The Life of the Virgin Mary" from the end of the 15th century, and these works had a great influence on Europe, and became the catalyst for the rise of woodblock prints in Germany in the 16th century. Hans Baldung Grien, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Albrecht Altdorfer, Hans Holbein the Younger, and Lucas van Leyden of the Netherlands are representative woodblock artists of the 16th century. In Italy, Jacopo de' Barbari and Titian produced some very large works using multiple woodblocks. Unlike copperplate prints, indirect woodblock prints, which leave the lines of the sketch engraved, were usually made by professional engravers based on the artist's sketches since Dürer. In the 1510s, multicolor woodcuts (chiaroscuro woodcuts), inspired by chiaroscuro drawings, were born and continued until the beginning of the 17th century. Representative artists of this technique include Ugo da Carpi and Domenico Beccafumi in Italy, Cranach the Elder and Burgkmair in Germany, and Hendrick Goltzius in the Netherlands. Woodcuts rapidly declined from around the end of the 16th century, and remained beneath the surface of art history as a means of popular image expression until their revival by Gauguin and Munch at the end of the 19th century. At the end of the 18th century, the Englishman Thomas Buick attracted attention with his original wood-engraving works depicting animals and other subjects. This method, in which an image is carved with a burin into the cross-section of hard wood such as boxwood, was developed in the mid-18th century by the Frenchman Michel Papillon, and is printed using the same relief printing method as woodblock printing. As the pieces of wood on the cross-section are generally small, multiple pieces of wood are bolted together on the back to make a large plate. William Blake also tried this method in the early 19th century, but after that, professional engravers generally carved the artist's sketches, and works based on sketches by Daumier and Gustave Doray became particularly popular. Gauguin's Noah Noah series (1893-1895) and other woodcuts arguably demonstrated the technique to its fullest potential, and prompted a revival of woodcuts as a creative medium. Inspired by Gauguin's example, Munch produced powerful works that exploited black and white contrasts, and greatly influenced the expressionist woodcuts of the "Brücke" group, including Kirchner, Heckel, and Schmidt-Rottluff. Munch also invented an original method of multicolor woodcut printing, in which a single block was divided, inked on each section, and then printed together. Today, print art is more popular than ever before, and its techniques are extremely diverse, with woodblock prints being one of its most important forms. Two of the most representative contemporary woodblock print artists are the Japanese masters Munakata Shiko and Kurosaki Akira. [Haruki Yaegashi] "Woodblock Printing - Materials and Techniques" by Tadashige Ono (1956, Bijutsu Shuppansha)" ▽ "The Joy of Woodblock Printing" by Junichiro Sekino (1983, Heibonsha) [Reference] |1551 Woodblock print (Metropolitan Museum of Art ) Cranach's "Martin Luther" Circa 1526 (published in 1538) Woodblock print owned by the Metropolitan Museum of Art Holbein the Younger: The Dance of Death (Lady) 1893-1894 Woodblock print, Metropolitan Museum of Art Gauguin's "Noah Noah" Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
板に図柄を彫刻し、凸版法によってそれを刷り取る版画の方法およびその作品。この板目木版の板材としては、日本では主としてサクラ、西洋ではツゲが使用される。近年は合板を用いる作家も少なくない。後述のメタル・カット、木口(こぐち)木版も一般に広義の木版画として扱う。 [八重樫春樹] 歴史と技法木版画は版画の形式としてはもっとも古いものであるが、その起源は容易には定めがたい。というのも、シュメール時代(前3000ころ)のシリンダー・シールの例をまつまでもなく、凸版法によって画像を刷り出す(または押印する)方法は、きわめて自然発生的にいつどこにでも生じうるからである。 [八重樫春樹] 日本奈良時代に中国から伝来したようであるが、中国で初めて木版に画像が刻まれたのは唐時代といわれ、初期の例のほとんどは仏教に関連したものであった。日本でも初期の作品は仏教関係のもので、今日に残る作例も少なくない。中国では近代まで仏教・道教関係の挿絵程度にとどまったが、日本では平安時代後期に「扇面法華経(ほけきょう)冊子」の絵や「三十六人家集」の料紙装飾に雲母(きら)刷りが用いられるなど、重要な美術的手段として活用された。鎌倉・室町時代には木版手彩色の仏画も少なからず生み出され、また絵巻、草子、屏風(びょうぶ)などの絵柄や装飾などにも木版画がしばしば用いられた。 江戸時代に入ると、浮世絵の登場とともに木版画は急速な発達を遂げた。浮世絵版画の誕生は版画史上画期的なできごとであったが、絵師、彫師(ほりし)、刷師(すりし)の分業形態を生んだことでも注目される。 [八重樫春樹] 西洋年記のある最古の作品は1423年のもので、種々の状況から考えて14世紀末には木版画はかなり成熟していたものと思われる。興味深いのは、初期の木版画は西洋の場合も信仰と関連して発達したことである。キリスト、聖母、聖者たちの像を表したもので、多くは修道院などでつくられ、火災、盗難、疫病などの予防のために庶民の家の戸口や家具などに貼(は)られた。15世紀中葉以降、木版本や活字本の発達に伴いその挿絵に木版画が多用され、また愛好家を対象とする魅力的な作品も登場し、制作も修道僧から職人の手に移った。ギルド制度の確立していたヨーロッパでは、銅版画師は金工師のギルドに、木版画師は大工のギルドに属した。 15世紀後半の一時期(1460~1480ころ)、金工師の領域から、錫(すず)などの軟質の金属に種々の形の鏨(たがね)で画像を打ち出し(ビュランという彫刻刀が補足的に用いられることが多い)、凸版法によって刷り出す装飾的傾向の強い版画(メタル・カット)が流行したが、16世紀を待たず急速に廃れた。 概して庶民的な芸術であった木版画に高い芸術的表現を与えたのは、ドイツ・ルネサンスの巨匠デューラーであった。彼は15世紀末から『キリストの受難(大受難)』『黙示録』『聖母の生涯』などの連作をはじめ優れた木版画の制作を重ね、それらの作品はヨーロッパ各地に大きな影響を及ぼし、16世紀におけるドイツを中心とする木版画隆盛の契機となった。ハンス・バルドゥング・グリーン、ルーカス・クラナハ(父)、アルブレヒト・アルトドルファー、ハンス・ホルバイン(子)、ネーデルラントのルーカス・ファン・ライデンらが16世紀の代表的な木版画家である。イタリアではヤコポ・デ・バルバーリやティツィアーノによって、複数の木版を用いた非常に大型の作品がいくつか生み出されている。銅版画と違い、下絵の線を彫り残す間接的彫版の木版画では、デューラー以来画家による下絵に基づいて専業の彫師が製版するのが普通であった。 1510年代に、いわゆるキアロスクーロ(単彩明暗画)の素描から着想を得た多色刷り木版画(キアロスクーロ・ウッドカットchiaroscuro woodcut)が生まれ、17世紀初頭まで続く。イタリアのウーゴ・ダ・カルピ、ドメニコ・ベッカフーミ、ドイツのクラナハ(父)、ブルクマイヤ、オランダのヘンドリック・ホルツィウスらがこの技法による代表的な作家である。木版画は16世紀末ごろから急速に衰退し、19世紀末にゴーギャン、ムンクによって復活するまでは、もっぱら民衆的画像表現の具として美術史の表面下に潜行した。 18世紀の末、イギリスのトマス・ビューイックが、木口木版wood-engravingにより動物などを題材とした独創的な作品を発表し注目された。ツゲなどの硬質の木材の横断面にビュランで画像を彫るこの方法は、18世紀なかばにフランス人のミシェール・パピヨンによって開発された技法で、木版画と同じく凸版法で印刷する。木口面の木材は概して小さいので、複数の木材の裏面をボルトで締めて大きな版面にする。19世紀初めにウィリアム・ブレイクもこの方法を試みているが、その後一般には画家の下絵を専門の彫版職人が彫るようになり、ドーミエやギュスタブ・ドレの下絵による作品がとりわけ人気を博した。 ゴーギャンの『ノア・ノア』の連作(1893~1895)をはじめとする一群の木版画は、この技法の最大限の効果を発揮させたものといって過言ではなく、創作版画としての木版画の復活を促した。ゴーギャンの例に触発されたムンクは、黒白対比を利した力強い作品を生み、キルヒナー、ヘッケル、シュミット・ロットルフら「ブリュッケ(橋派)」のグループによる表現主義の木版画に大きな影響を与えた。ムンクはまた、1枚の原版を分割してそれぞれにインキを施したのちにそれらを組み合わせて刷る、独創的な多色刷り木版画を考案した。 今日、版画芸術はかつてない隆盛を迎えており、その技法も実に多様であるが、木版画もその重要な一つである。現代木版画の代表的作家としては、日本の棟方(むなかた)志功と黒崎彰(あきら)の名をあげることができよう。 [八重樫春樹] 『小野忠重著『木版画――材料と技法』(1956・美術出版社)』▽『関野準一郎著『木版画の楽しみ』(1983・平凡社)』 [参照項目] |1551年 木版画メトロポリタン美術館所蔵"> クラナハ『マルティン・ルター』 1526年ころ(1538年出版) 木版画メトロポリタン美術館所蔵"> ホルバイン(子)『死の舞踏 貴婦人』 1893~1894年 木版画メトロポリタン美術館所蔵"> ゴーギャン『ノア・ノア』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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