Morgan, Thomas Hunt

Japanese: モーガン(英語表記)Morgan, Thomas Hunt
Morgan, Thomas Hunt
Born September 25, 1866 in Lexington, Kentucky
[Died] December 4, 1945. Pasadena, Los Angeles. American geneticist and embryologist. Graduated from the University of Kentucky (1886). After receiving his doctorate from Johns Hopkins University in 1890, he became a professor at Bryn Mawr College, where he was influenced by his colleague J. Robe. He studied the effects of salt concentration in culture medium on development. He became a professor of zoology at Columbia University (1904). He was sympathetic to H. de Vries's mutation theory, and in 1908 he began raising Drosophila melanogaster with the intention of discovering mutations in animals. Until that time, he had been critical of G. Mendel's genetic theory, and had also argued against the theory of T. Boveri and others that chromosomes are the determining factor of traits. The following year, he obtained eye color mutants, and while conducting crossbreeding experiments using these, he not only came to fully accept Mendel's theory, but also agreed with the theory of chromosomal determination of traits, and linked the two to establish the chromosomal theory of inheritance. This theory, which states that chromosomes are nothing more than linear arrangements of Mendel's genetic elements, linked cytology and genetics, which had previously developed independently, and opened up a new field of research known as cytogenetics. In 1928, he founded the Department of Biology at the California Institute of Technology, which led him to abandon genetic research and focus on developmental biology. With regard to biological research methods, he advocated that experimental methods should be used in place of the traditional descriptive methods, and he continued to intend to integrate the various branches of biology. For establishing the chromosome theory of inheritance, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1933.

Morgan
Morgan, Lewis Henry

Born: November 21, 1818, Aurora, New York
[Died] December 17, 1881. Rochester, New York. American lawyer and ethnologist. Graduated from Union College, he worked as a lawyer in Rochester, New York from around 1844. He made an effort to resolve the land issues of oppressed American Indians, and was "adopted" by the Seneca tribe in 1846. After that, he conducted field surveys of the Indian nations of the Great Plains and studied the clan structures of the Iroquois. He presented his evolutionary views on the relationship between kinship structures, family, and marriage forms, and became known as an authority on evolutionary anthropology alongside E. Tylor of England. His views were based on the idea that "humanity is one in origin, one in experience, and one in progress." He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and in 1880 he became president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. As a politician, he served as a state representative from 1861 to 1868, and as a state senator from 1868 to 1869. His main work was Ancient Society (1877).

Morgan
Morgan, John

Born June 10, 1735 in Philadelphia
Died October 15, 1789. Philadelphia. American physician. Graduated from Philadelphia College (now the University of Pennsylvania) in 1757, served as a surgeon in the British colonial army during the French and Indian War. After being discharged, he resumed his studies and studied in Edinburgh, Paris, and Italy. During this time, he obtained his doctorate from the University of Edinburgh in 1763. Returning to the United States in 1765, he established the first medical school at Philadelphia College, where he was appointed the first professor of medicine in North America. At that time, he attempted to separate surgery and medicine, to divide the work of medicine and medicine, and to provide a more liberal education for medical students, but the timing was not right and he was unable to achieve any results. He was also one of the physicians who introduced E. Jenner's vaccination method to America. His main work is A Recommendation of Inoculation (1776).

Morgan
Morgan, Daniel

Born: 1736. Hunterdon, New Jersey
Died: July 6, 1802, Winchester, Virginia. A soldier during the American Revolutionary period. In 1775, he became a captain in the Virginia Rifles and participated in the Canadian expedition following B. Arnold. At the end of 1776, he was captured by the British during the attack on Quebec, but escaped. In 1777, he participated in the Battle of Saratoga under General H. Gates. He was discharged in 1779, but rejoined General Gates' troops in 1880 and was promoted to brigadier general. On January 17, 1881, he defeated the British forces led by General B. Tarleton at the Battle of Cowpens, and escaped to South Carolina after escaping from pursuit by C. Cornwallis. After the war, in November 1794, he participated in the suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion in Western Pennsylvania. He served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1797 to 1799.

Morgan
Morgan, Charles

Born 22 January 1894 in Bromley, Kent
[Died] February 6, 1958, London. British novelist, critic and playwright. President of the International PEN Club (1953-58). Studied at Oxford University. Joined the navy and served in World War I. Published novels based on his experiences, such as The Fountain (32), Sparkenbrooke (36) and The Voyage (40). His collection of essays includes Liberties of the Mind (51). He also wrote plays, such as The Flashing Stream (1938), and was in charge of the drama column of The Times (26-39).

Morgan
Morgan, Conwy Lloyd

Born: 6 February 1852, London
[Died] March 6, 1936, Hastings, Sussex British zoologist and comparative psychologist. Professor at the University of Bristol. He argued that anecdotal methods based on anthropomorphism should be rejected in the study of animal behavior, and proposed Morgan's postulates. His main works include Introduction to Comparative Psychology (1894), Animal Behavior (1900), Emergent Evolution (23), and The Animal Mind (30).

Morgan
Morgan, Maurice

Born: 1726, London
[Died] March 28, 1802. London. British diplomat and writer. An authority on the American colonial issues, he served as secretary to the ambassador at the Peace Conference of the War of Independence in 1782. His Essay on the Dramatic Character of Sir John Falstaff (1777) is an important defense of Falstaff and occupies an important position in the history of Shakespeare criticism.

Morgan
Morgan, John Hunt

Born June 1, 1825 in Huntsville, Alabama.
Died September 4, 1864, Greenville, Tennessee. American soldier. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he became a cavalry commander in the Confederate Army, invaded the rear of the Union Army, and fought guerrilla warfare in Indiana and Ohio. In July 1863, he was captured by the Union Army, but escaped. In 1864, he invaded the North again, and later died in battle with Union troops in Tennessee.

Morgan
Morgan, William G.

Born January 23, 1870 in Lockport, New York.
[Died] December 27, 1942. Lockport, New York. Inventor of volleyball. In 1895, while working as a physical education instructor at the YMCA in Holyoke, Massachusetts, he invented volleyball, inspired by tennis and handball, as an indoor sport that could be easily enjoyed by people of all ages and genders.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1866.9.25. ケンタッキー,レキシントン
[没]1945.12.4. ロサンゼルス,パサディナ
アメリカの遺伝学者,発生学者。ケンタッキー州立大学卒業 (1886) 。 1890年ジョンズ・ホプキンズ大学より学位取得後,ブリンマー・カレッジ教授となり,ここで同僚の J.レープから影響を受ける。発生に対して培養液の塩濃度が及ぼす作用などについて研究。コロンビア大学動物学教授 (1904) 。 H.ド・フリースの突然変異説に共感し,動物で突然変異を発見しようと意図して,1908年にショウジョウバエの飼育を開始した。その頃まで彼は G.メンデルの遺伝子説に対して批判的であり,また染色体を形質決定要因とみなす T.ボベリらの学説に対しても反論を加えていた。翌年,眼色に関する突然変異体を得,これを用いて交雑実験を行なっているうちに,メンデルの理論を全面的に受入れるようになったばかりか,染色体による形質決定説にも賛同し,両者を結びつけて遺伝の染色体説を樹立した。染色体はメンデルのいう遺伝要素が直線的に配列したものにほかならないとするこの説は,それまで互いに独立に発達をとげてきた細胞学と遺伝学とを連結し,細胞遺伝学という新たな研究領域を開いた。 28年カリフォルニア工科大学に生物学教室を創設。それを機に遺伝学の研究から手をひいて,以来発生学に専念。生物学の研究方法に関して彼は,従来の記述的方法を排し,実験的方法をとるべきであると主張し,また,生物学の各分科を統合しようという意図をもち続けた。遺伝の染色体説を確立したことにより,33年にノーベル生理学・医学賞を受賞した。

モーガン
Morgan, Lewis Henry

[生]1818.11.21. ニューヨーク,オーロラ
[没]1881.12.17. ニューヨーク,ロチェスター
アメリカの法律家,民族学者。ユニオン・カレッジを卒業し,1844年頃からニューヨーク州ロチェスターで弁護士として活躍。抑圧されていたアメリカインディアンの土地問題解決に尽力し,46年セネカ族に「養子」として受入れられた。以後,大平原のインディアン諸民族の実地調査やイロコイ族の氏族組織を研究し,親族組織と家族,婚姻の形態との関係について進化論上の見解を発表,イギリスの E.タイラーと並んで進化主義人類学の権威として知られた。その主張は,「人類は根元において一つであり,経験において一つであり,進歩において一つである」という思考を基本とするものであった。アメリカの国立アカデミー会員,80年にはアメリカ科学振興協会会長となり,政治家として 61~68年には州下院議員,68~69年には州上院議員をつとめた。主著『古代社会』 Ancient Society (1877) 。

モーガン
Morgan, John

[生]1735.6.10. フィラデルフィア
[没]1789.10.15. フィラデルフィア
アメリカの医師。 1757年フィラデルフィア・カレッジ (現ペンシルバニア大学) を卒業,フレンチ・アンド・インディアン戦争ではイギリス植民地軍の軍医として従軍,復員後再び学問を志し,エディンバラ,パリ,イタリアに学び,この間 63年にエディンバラ大学で学位を取得,65年に帰国してフィラデルフィア・カレッジに最初の医学校を建設し,そこで北アメリカ最初の医学教授に任命された。その頃,外科と内科の分離および医薬の分業,医学生の自由な教育を試みたが,時期熟せず成果は得られなかった。アメリカに E.ジェンナーの種痘法を導入した医師の一人でもある。主著に『予防接種法のすすめ』A Recommendation of Inoculation (1776) がある。

モーガン
Morgan, Daniel

[生]1736. ニュージャージー,ハンタードン
[没]1802.7.6. バージニア,ウィンチェスター
アメリカ独立革命期の軍人。 1775年バージニア・ライフル連隊の大尉となり,B.アーノルドに従ってカナダ遠征に参加。 76年末ケベック襲撃に際しイギリス軍の捕虜となったが脱走。 77年 H.ゲーツ将軍のもとでサラトガの戦いに参加。 79年いったん除隊したが,80年再びゲーツ将軍の部隊に加わり,准将に昇進。 81年1月 17日カウペンスの戦いで B.タールトン将軍の率いるイギリス軍を破り,C.コーンウォリスの追撃を振切ってサウスカロライナに逃れた。戦後の 94年 11月西ペンシルバニアの「ウイスキー反乱」鎮圧に参加。 97~99年連邦下院議員。

モーガン
Morgan, Charles

[生]1894.1.22. ケント,ブロムリー
[没]1958.2.6. ロンドン
イギリスの小説家,評論家,劇作家。国際ペンクラブの会長 (1953~58) 。オックスフォード大学に学ぶ。海軍に入り第1次世界大戦に従軍,その体験に基づく小説『泉』 The Fountain (32) や『スパーケンブルック』 Sparkenbrooke (36) ,『航海』 The Voyage (40) などを発表。評論集に『精神の自由』 Liberties of the Mind (51) 。『輝く流れ』 The Flashing Stream (1938) などの戯曲もあり,『タイムズ』紙の演劇欄を担当した (26~39) 。

モーガン
Morgan, Conwy Lloyd

[生]1852.2.6. ロンドン
[没]1936.3.6. サセックス,ヘースティングズ
イギリスの動物学者,比較心理学者。ブリストル大学教授。動物行動を研究するにあたり,擬人観に基づく逸話的な方法を排すべきであると主張し,モーガンの公準を提唱。主著『比較心理学序説』 Introduction to Comparative Psychology (1894) ,『動物行動』 Animal Behavior (1900) ,『創発的進化』 Emergent Evolution (23) ,『動物の心』 The Animal Mind (30) 。

モーガン
Morgan, Maurice

[生]1726. ロンドン
[没]1802.3.28. ロンドン
イギリスの外交官,著述家。アメリカ植民地問題の権威で,1782年の独立戦争講和会議には大使秘書として活躍。『サー・ジョン・フォールスタッフの性格についての試論』 Essay on the Dramatic Character of Sir John Falstaff (1777) はフォールスタッフ弁護論としてシェークスピア批評史において重要な地位を占めるもの。

モーガン
Morgan, John Hunt

[生]1825.6.1. アラバマ,ハンツビル
[没]1864.9.4. テネシー,グリーンビル
アメリカの軍人。南北戦争の勃発とともに南軍の騎兵隊長となり,北軍の背後に侵入し,インディアナ,オハイオでゲリラ戦を展開。 1863年7月北軍の捕虜となったが脱走。 64年再度北部へ侵攻し,のちテネシーで北軍部隊と交戦して戦死。

モーガン
Morgan, William G.

[生]1870.1.23. ニューヨーク,ロックポート
[没]1942.12.27. ニューヨーク,ロックポート
バレーボールの考案者。マサチューセッツ州ホールヨーク市でYMCAの体育指導をしていた 1895年,老若男女が手軽に楽しめる室内スポーツとして,テニスとハンドボールからヒントを得てバレーボールを創案した。

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