Menger - Menger (English spelling) Carl Menger

Austrian economist and founder of the Austrian School. He was one of the "Marginal Revolution" trio along with W.S. Jevons and L. Walras. Older brother of legal scholar Anton Menger. He studied law at the University of Vienna and the University of Prague, and after working as a newspaper journalist he joined the Cabinet Press, where it is said he became interested in price theory and economics while writing market reports. In 1872 he became a private lecturer at the University of Vienna, an associate professor the following year, and a professor of economics in 1879, a position he held until 1903, when he handed over the position to F. Wieser. In his main work, Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre (1871, only the first part was published), he independently proposed what is now commonly known as the "marginal utility theory," which states that the value of a consumer good is determined by the importance of the final unit of that good to the consumer. He also argued that the value of producer goods (higher goods) that are not directly consumed by consumers is the value of the consumer goods that are produced using them, which was the forerunner of the theory that Wieser later formulated as the "imputation theory," and attempted to explain economic phenomena using marginal utility monism based on human rational behavior. Menger was traditionally known for the above-mentioned points as well as for his methodological debates with G. Schmoller in the 1880s, which were mediated through works such as "Studies on the Method of the Social Sciences" (1883). However , in recent years there has been a growing movement to reconsider Menger, paying attention to his treatment of the time element and his monetary theory. In connection with this, there has been growing interest in his son, mathematician Karl Menger (1902-1985), who published his "Principles of Political Economy" posthumously but which had previously been largely ignored. However, the expanded second edition (1933, the first volume of the four-volume "Complete Works of Menger" published between 1933 and 1936) based on his father's notes, as well as his monetary papers, have received increasing attention.

[Tadashi Hayasaka]

"Principles of National Economics" translated by Takuma Yasui and Kiichiro Yagi (1999, Nihon Keizai Hyoronsha)" ▽ "General Theoretical Economics" translated by Kiichiro Yagi et al., 2 volumes (1982, 1984, Misuzu Shobo)" ▽ "Studies on the Methods of Social Sciences" translated by Takeo Toda (1937, Nihon Hyoronsha)" ▽ "Studies on the Methods of Economics" translated by Koji Fukui and Shozo Yoshida (Iwanami Bunko)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

オーストリアの経済学者、オーストリア学派の創始者。W・S・ジェボンズ、L・ワルラスと並ぶ「限界革命」トリオの一人。法学者アントン・メンガーの兄。ウィーン大学、プラハ大学で法律を学び、新聞記者を経て内閣新聞局に入り、そこで市況報告を書くうちに価格理論や経済学に興味をもつようになった、といわれている。1872年ウィーン大学私講師、翌年員外教授、1879年経済学教授となって、1903年F・ウィーザーに席を譲るまで在職した。主著『国民経済学原理』Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre（1871、第一部のみ刊行）において、消費財の価値は当該財の最終単位量が消費者に対してもつ重要度によって定まるという、今日の通称「限界効用理論」を独立に提唱し、また消費者によって直接消費されない生産財（高次財）の価値はそれを用いて生産される消費財の価値が転嫁されたものであるとして、のちにウィーザーが「帰属理論」として定式化した理論の先鞭(せんべん)をつけ、経済現象を人間の合理的行動に基づく限界効用一元論によって説明しようとした。メンガーは、従来は上述のこととともに、『社会科学の方法に関する研究』Untersuchungen über die Methode der Sozialwissenschaften und der politischen Ökonomie insbesondere（1883）などによる1880年代のG・シュモラーとの方法論争で著名だったが、最近は彼の時間要素の取扱い方や貨幣論面にも注意を払うメンガー再考察の動きが強まっており、このことにも関連して、子息の数学者カール・メンガーKarl Menger（1902―1985）により彼の死後出版されながら、従来はほぼ無視されていた『国民経済学原理』の父の書き込みに基づく増補第2版（1933。同年から1936年にかけて刊行された4巻の『メンガー全集』の第1巻。邦訳書名『一般理論経済学』）や貨幣論論文への関心が高まっている。

［早坂　忠］

『安井琢磨・八木紀一郎訳『国民経済学原理』（1999・日本経済評論社）』▽『八木紀一郎他訳『一般理論経済学』全2巻（1982、84・みすず書房）』▽『戸田武雄訳『社会科学の方法に関する研究』（1937・日本評論社）』▽『福井孝治・吉田昇三訳『経済学の方法に関する研究』（岩波文庫）』

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