Murav'ëv, Mikhail Nikolaevich

Japanese: ムラビヨフ（英語表記）Murav'ëv， Mikhail Nikolaevich

Born: April 19, 1845, Petersburg
Died June 21, 1900. St. Petersburg. Russian diplomat and politician. Count. Promoted Russia's Far East policy, which led to the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War. Joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1864, and became Foreign Minister in 1897. In order to advance into Manchuria (present-day northeastern China), he implemented a policy of seizing Port Arthur and Dalian on the Liaodong Peninsula, which he considered a first priority. In 1898, he concluded an agreement with China, and built a railway between Port Arthur and Harbin, and between Harbin and Vladivostok. Although relations with Britain were averted by mutual definition of spheres of influence, relations with Japan, which feared Russia's threat to the Korean Peninsula, deteriorated, leading to the Russo-Japanese War.

Muravyov
Murav'ëv, Nikita Mikhailovich

Born: July 30, 1796, Moscow
[Died] May 10, 1843, Urkovskaya, Irkutsk. Russian soldier, captain of the guards, Decembrist. In 1813-14 he participated in the war against Napoleon in Europe. In 1816 he was one of the founders of the first secret Decembrist society, the League of Salvation, and in 1821 he became a member of the Northern Society. From 1822 to 1825 he drafted the future Russian constitution (the Constitution of N. Muravyov), which envisaged a constitutional monarchy. He was not in the capital at the time of the Decembrist uprising and did not participate, but he was captured and exiled to Siberia, where he died.

Muravyov
Murav'ëv, Nikolai Nikolaevich

Born: August 23, 1809, Petersburg
[Died] November 30, 1881, Paris. Russian military officer, general and count. From 1847 to 1861, he was governor of Irkutsk and Yenisei provinces and governor-general of Eastern Siberia. From 1854 to 1855, he led the Amur River expedition and concluded the Aihun Treaty with China in 1858. For this achievement, he was given the title of Count of Amursky.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1845.4.19. ペテルブルグ
[没]1900.6.21. ペテルブルグ
ロシアの外交官，政治家。伯爵。ロシアの極東政策を推進し，日露戦争の勃発を招いた。 1864年外務省に入り，97年外相。満州 (現中国東北地方) への進出のためには遼東半島の旅順と大連の制圧が先決としてこれを奪取する政策を実施。 98年中国と協定を結び，旅順－ハルビン，ハルビン－ウラジオストク間の鉄道を敷設。イギリスとは互いに勢力範囲を設定して事なきを得たが，ロシアの朝鮮半島に対する脅威を恐れた日本とは関係が悪化，日露戦争を招来した。

ムラビヨフ
Murav'ëv， Nikita Mikhailovich

[生]1796.7.30. モスクワ
[没]1843.5.10. イルクーツク，ウリコフスカヤ
ロシアの軍人，近衛大尉，デカブリスト。 1813～14年ヨーロッパにおける対ナポレオン戦に参加。 16年デカブリストの最初の秘密結社「救済同盟」の設立者の一人となり，21年「北方結社」のメンバーとなった。 22～25年未来のロシアの憲法の草案 (N.ムラビヨフの憲法) を起草，立憲君主制を意図した。デカブリストの蜂起のとき首都に不在で参加しなかったが，捕えられてシベリア流刑となり，この地で没した。