The rotation of a celestial body around a line passing through its center of gravity. The Earth's rotation period is an average of 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4.0905 seconds (sidereal day), but because it takes one year to revolve around the Sun, the Earth's rotation period relative to the Sun is 24 hours (solar day). The Earth's surface moves at speeds of over 1,000 kilometers per hour even at mid-latitudes, and centrifugal force causes the Earth's equator to jut outward. As a result, the Earth has a spheroid shape created by rotating an ellipse around its minor axis. However, the difference between the equatorial radius (the distance from the center of the Earth to the equator) and the polar radius (the distance from the center of the Earth to the line connecting the North Pole or South Pole) is only just over 20 kilometers. Because of the centrifugal force caused by the rotation, the magnitude of gravity measured on the Earth's surface varies with latitude, with the value at the equator being about 0.5% smaller than the value at the poles. For celestial bodies that are strongly influenced by the tidal forces of their central stars, such as Earth's moon, the Moon, and Jupiter's four major moons, their rotation period is often the same as their orbital period. The Earth's rotation was so regular that it was used as a direct standard for defining time until the 1960s, but it is known that it has gradually slowed down over geological time. In addition, atomic clocks more accurate than the rotation speed have been put into practical use, and as a result of astronomical observations based on them, it has been found that the rotation speed changes slightly but in a complex manner with various periods. The Earth is composed of solid parts such as the crust and mantle, and fluid parts such as the fluid core, atmosphere, and oceans. According to the law of conservation of angular momentum (rotational force), the sum of the angular momentum of the fluid and solid parts of the Earth is conserved. The angular momentum of the atmosphere fluctuates with the strength of winds (zonal winds) that blow along the latitude lines, such as the westerlies, and the rotation speed of the solid Earth fluctuates to compensate for this. Most of the rotation speed fluctuations with periods shorter than a few years are due to such fluctuations in the zonal winds. Fluctuations with periods of more than 10 years are thought to be due to electromagnetic coupling between the fluid core and mantle, but the details of the cause are unknown. Current world time is based on the ticking of atomic clocks, but by inserting "leap seconds" from time to time to accommodate fluctuations in the Earth's rotational speed, the deviation from the ticking of time due to the Earth's rotation is kept within a certain level. In addition to the variation in the rotational speed, there is also nutation and polar motion, which are disturbances of the Earth's axis. The variation in rotation is a valuable source of information that reflects the internal structure and activity of the Earth, and is the subject of research in the field that lies at the border between astronomy and geophysics. [Kousuke Hioki] "Modern Astronomy Lectures Vol. 1: Earth Rotation" edited by Kojiro Wako (1979, Koseisha Kouseikaku)" ▽ "The Birth of the Earth: A Song of Space, Time, and Imagination" by David E. Fisher, translated by Ryuzo Nakajima (1991, Hosei University Press, Libraria Sensho)" ▽ "The Earth's Great Circulation and El Niño" edited by the Parity Editorial Committee (2003, Maruzen)" [References] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
天体が重心を通る直線の周りを回転すること。地球の自転周期は平均23時間56分4.0905秒(恒星日)であるが、1年かけて太陽の周りを公転しているため太陽に対する地球の自転周期は24時間になる(太陽日)。自転による地球表面の動きは中緯度でも時速1000キロメートルを超え、遠心力によって地球の赤道部分は外に張り出す。その結果、地球は楕円(だえん)を短軸の周りに回転してできる回転楕円体の形状を示す。ただし赤道半径(地球の中心から赤道に至る距離)と極半径(地球の中心から北極または南極を結んだ線の距離)の差は20キロメートルあまりにすぎない。自転による遠心力が働くため地表で計測される重力の大きさは緯度によって変化し、赤道での値は極での値に比べて0.5%ほど小さくなる。地球の衛星である月や木星の四大衛星など、中心星の潮汐(ちょうせき)力の影響が強い天体では自転周期はしばしば公転周期と同じになる。 地球の自転は1960年代までは時刻の定義の直接の基準とされていたほど規則正しいが、地質学的な時間の経過に伴い徐々に遅くなってきたことが知られている。また自転速度より正確な原子時計が実用化され、それに基づいて位置天文学観測がなされた結果、自転速度はわずかではあるが、さまざまな周期で複雑に変化することがみいだされた。地球は地殻やマントルなどの固体部分と、流体核や大気海洋などの流体部分からなるが、角運動量(回転の勢い)保存の法則に従って地球の流体部分と固体部分の角運動量の和が保存される。偏西風のような緯度線に沿って吹く風(帯状風)の強弱に伴って大気の角運動量が変動するが、それを補償するように固体地球の回転速度が変動する。数年より短い周期の自転速度変動のほとんどはこのような帯状風の変動によるものである。10年以上の周期の変動は流体核とマントルの電磁的な結合によるものとされているが、その原因の詳細はわかっていない。現在の世界時は原子時計の刻みに基づいているが、自転速度の変動にあわせて、ときおり「閏秒(うるうびょう)」を挿入することによって地球自転による時の刻みとの乖離(かいり)を一定以下に保つくふうがされている。 なお自転速度変動以外にも地球自転軸の乱れに相当する章動や極運動がある。自転の変動は地球の内部構造と活動を反映する貴重な情報源であり、天文学と地球物理学の境界にある学問分野として研究の対象となっている。 [日置幸介] 『若生康二郎編『現代天文学講座 第1巻 地球回転』(1979・恒星社厚生閣)』▽『デイヴィッド・E・フィッシャー著、中島龍三訳『地球の誕生――空間と時間と想像力のうた』(1991・法政大学出版局・りぶらりあ選書)』▽『パリティ編集委員会編『地球大循環とエルニーニョ』(2003・丸善)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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