A general term for polysaccharides containing amino sugars (hexosamines such as glucosamine and galactosamine) in which the hydroxyl group of the sugar is replaced with an amino group, and is often called glycosaminoglycan. Many of them have acidic groups such as uronic acid and sulfate, and are called acidic mucopolysaccharides. Mucopolysaccharides are characterized by their repeating sugar chains, relatively long extensions with a degree of polymerization of about 40 or more, and extremely hydrophilicity. Representative examples include chondroitin sulfate, the main component of cartilage, hyaluronic acid found in the connective tissue of the skin, the umbilical cord, and the vitreous body of the eye, heparin, an anticoagulant, dermatan sulfate (chondroitin sulfate B) involved in mucopolysaccharidoses, heparan sulfate (found in animal cells and interacts with proteins), and keratan sulfate (found in the cornea and cartilage). [Takashi Muramatsu] Mucopolysaccharidoses are extremely rare but serious genetic diseases, which are congenital metabolic disorders caused by a congenital deficiency of the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of mucopolysaccharides. These include Hurler syndrome (the most typical of mucopolysaccharidoses, which causes severe physical deformities and intellectual disabilities from infancy, and is also accompanied by visual impairment) and Hunter syndrome (which is similar to Hurler syndrome, with skeletal disorders, but no corneal opacity). [Yamaguchi Noriko] "Yasumoto Ken (ed.), Fisheries Science Series 79: Bioactive Substances of Marine Microorganisms (1990, Koseisha Kouseikaku)" ▽ "Ishii Jun (ed.), Katayama Shigehiro and Kawazu Shoji (eds.), Illustrated Endocrinology and Metabolism (2002, Bunkodo)" [References] | | | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
糖のヒドロキシ基がアミノ基で置換された構造をもつアミノ糖(グルコサミンやガラクトサミンなどのヘキソサミン)を有する多糖の総称であり、グリコサミノグリカンとよばれることが多い。その多くはウロン酸や硫酸などの酸性基をもち、これらは酸性ムコ多糖とよばれる。ムコ多糖は、その糖鎖が繰り返し構造をもち、重合度が約40以上で比較的長く伸び、きわめて親水性に富むのが特徴である。代表的なものとして、軟骨の主成分であるコンドロイチン硫酸をはじめ、皮膚の結合組織中や臍帯(さいたい)(へその緒)、目の硝子体(しょうしたい)などに含まれるヒアルロン酸、血液凝固阻止物質のヘパリンのほか、ムコ多糖症に関与するデルマタン硫酸(コンドロイチン硫酸B)、ヘパラン硫酸(動物細胞にあり、タンパク質と相互作用を示す)、ケラタン硫酸(角膜や軟骨などに存在)などが知られる。 [村松 喬] なお、ムコ多糖症はきわめてまれであるが重篤な遺伝性疾患で、ムコ多糖の代謝をつかさどる酵素が先天的に欠損している先天性代謝異常をいう。ハーラーHurler症候群(ムコ多糖症のうちもっとも典型的な疾患であり、乳児期から強い身体奇形・知能障害がある。視力障害なども伴う)やハンターHunter症候群(骨格障害などハーラー症候群に類似するが、角膜混濁はない)などが含まれる。 [山口規容子] 『安元健編『水産学シリーズ79 海洋微生物の生物活性物質』(1990・恒星社厚生閣)』▽『石井淳監修、片山茂裕・河津捷二編『イラスト 内分泌・代謝内科』(2002・文光堂)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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