A script for plays, movies, and broadcasts (television and radio). It refers to a theatrical script or performance script, and is sometimes abbreviated to hon. In kabuki, it was traditionally called a ledger, shohon, or nehon. It corresponds to the English word play, and in movies it is used synonymously with a scenario. It is also used in conjunction with the word drama, but in kabuki and shinpa, scripts are generally called scripts, and in Bunraku puppet theater and new drama, scripts are often called drama. If we had to say, we could say that while drama emphasizes the literary quality of being read, screenplay is a word that emphasizes the theatricality of being performed. For example, Shakespeare's works are both excellent classical dramas and exceptional theatrical scripts (scripts). The content and format of a script vary depending on the era, genre, and author, but generally it is mainly dialogue, with stage directions specifying the scenery of the scenes and the actions of the characters. Therefore, scripts can range from simple outlines of the plot to detailed descriptions of each character's appearance, personality, and psychology. Movie and television scripts often include details about the scene divisions and filming procedures. Based on their content, scripts can be broadly divided into two types. One is called an original play or script (original scenario for film), which is written from scratch by the author, and the other is called an adaptation, which is a dramatization of an original work such as a novel. The former is the domain of playwrights and screenplay/TV writers, but it is common for both to be involved. In both Japan and Europe, scripts started out as just a rough outline consisting mainly of lines. For example, early Kabuki relied on oral discussions between actors, known as kuchidate. In the Italian Commedia dell'Arte (masked improvisational comedy) of the early modern period, the stage was set with only a simple plot (scenario) written on linen. In both cases, the focus was on showcasing the skills of the actors without relying on written text. As plots became more complex and the skills of the actors improved, the writers diversified, and scripts were developed, becoming a genre closely related to dramatic literature (dramas). The development of realist theater from the late 19th century to the early 20th century marked its apex. Modern Japanese theater (new theater) also developed in tandem with this. In the late 1960s, the Japanese small theater movement, which began under the influence of American avant-garde theater (underground theater), saw the beginnings of scriptwriting for new theatrical expressions that aimed to restore the physicality of actors, instead of reflecting on the previous literary-dominated performance methods. Furthermore, the subsequent theater generation has also been searching for ways to free themselves from the spell of literature and to create scripts that are integrated with actors. [Tsutomu Ohshima] "Kabuki Scripts - History and Appreciation" by Takaoka Nobuyuki (1943, Hobundo)" ▽ "The Complete Series of Japanese Classical Literature (Kabuki Script Collection, Volumes 1 and 2, Urayama Masao) 53-54" (1960-61, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "What is a Script? - Its History and Practice" by Nishizawa Minoru (1980, Educational Historical Materials Publishing Association)" ▽ "The Complete Series of Expression Studies, Particulars, Volume 7 - Expression in Novels and Scripts" by Ukihashi Yasuhiko and Mashimo Saburo (1986, Educational Publishing Center)" ▽ "The History of Japanese Screenplays, Volumes 1 and 2, by Shindo Kaneto (1989, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "Scenario Writers Association, ed., Representative Screenplay Yearbook, various years' editions (Eijinsha)" [References] | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
演劇、映画、放送(テレビ・ラジオ)の台本。演劇台本、上演台本のことで、略して本ともいう。歌舞伎(かぶき)では古くは台帳または正本(しょうほん)、根本(ねほん)ともよばれた。英語のプレーplayに相当し、映画ではシナリオと同義に用いられる。戯曲ということばとも併用されるが、一般に歌舞伎(かぶき)、新派などでは台本を脚本とよび、人形浄瑠璃(じょうるり)、新劇などでは脚本を戯曲ということが多い。しいていえば、戯曲が読み物としての文学性を重視するのに対して、脚本は上演効果としての演劇性に力点を置いたことばといえよう。たとえばシェークスピアの作品は優れた古典戯曲であると同時に、特上の演劇台本(脚本)である。 脚本の内容、書式は時代や分野、また作者によってまちまちであるが、一般に台詞(せりふ)を主体として、場面(シーン)の情景や登場人物の動きなどを指定したト書(とがき)が記入される。したがって筋書き程度の簡略なものから、各人物の容姿、性格から心理描写に及んだ詳細なものまである。映画、テレビの脚本では場面割り(シーン)や撮影手順を記入することが多い。 脚本は内容上、二つに大別される。一つは創作劇とかオリジナル脚本(映画ではオリジナルシナリオ)とよばれるもので、作者が新しく書き下ろしたもの、一つは脚色(物)とよばれるもので、小説などの原作を劇化したものである。前者は劇作家やシナリオ・テレビ作家の主領域を占めるが、両者をともに手がけることが多い。 脚本は、日本、ヨーロッパともに台詞(せりふ)を中心とする粗筋だけのものから始まった。たとえば初期歌舞伎では役者たちの口頭による打合せである口立(くちだて)によった。近世初頭におけるイタリアのコメディア・デラルテ(仮面即興喜劇)では、麻布に書かれた簡単な筋書き(セナリオscenario)だけで舞台をつとめた。いずれも文字に頼らず俳優の技芸を見せることを本位とするものである。やがて筋の複雑化や俳優の技芸の向上とともに作者が分化し、脚本として整備されて、劇文学(戯曲)に密接する一ジャンルを占めるようになった。19世紀後半から20世紀前半にかけての写実主義(リアリズム)演劇の発達はその頂点を示している。日本の近代劇(新劇)もこれに歩調を合わせて進展した。 1960年代後半、アメリカの前衛劇(アンダーグラウンド演劇)の影響のもとに始まった日本の小劇場運動には、これまでの文学性優位の上演方法に対する反省から、むしろ俳優の肉体性の復権を目ざす新しい演劇表現のための脚本づくりの胎動がみられた。さらにこれに続く演劇世代にも、文学の呪縛(じゅばく)から解放され俳優と一体化した脚本への方法が模索されている。 [大島 勉] 『高岡宣之著『歌舞伎の脚本――歴史と鑑賞』(1943・芳文堂)』▽『『日本古典文学大系(歌舞伎脚本集 上下 浦山政雄)53~54』(1960~61・岩波書店)』▽『西沢実著『脚本とは――その歴史と実際』(1980・教育史料出版会)』▽『浮橋康彦・真下三郎著『表現学大系 各論編 第7巻――小説と脚本の表現』(1986・教育出版センター)』▽『新藤兼人著『日本シナリオ史』上下(1989・岩波書店)』▽『シナリオ作家協会編『年鑑代表シナリオ集』各年版(映人社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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