Myobu - Lady of the Lord

Japanese: 命婦 - みょうぶ
Myobu - Lady of the Lord

A title for women with a certain status under the ritsuryo system. Those who held the fifth rank or higher were called naimyobu, and those whose husbands held the fifth rank or higher were called gemyobu. It was imported from China, but the content is different. In Japan, it reflects the order of officials, which clearly distinguishes those of fifth rank or higher from those of sixth rank or lower. Some did not serve in the harem, but were allowed to attend morning assemblies. Meanwhile, after the mid-Heian period, a new order of court ladies was formed with the dissolution of the 12 offices of the harem, and the term "myōbu" was used as the title for ladies-in-waiting of the fourth or fifth rank, ranked next to the nani (chief attendant). It can be seen as a Heian-period transformation of the naimyobu. They seem to correspond to the Churo (female court lady) of the Middle Ages, and are considered to be below the rank of "wife of a vassal" (Kinpisho).

[Tamai Chikara]

"The Form of Existence of Court Ladies in the Heian Period" by Yoshikawa Shinji (included in "Research on the Ritsuryo Bureaucracy" 1998, Hanawa Shobo) " "The Japanese Harem" by Tsunoda Fumiei (1973, Gakutosha) "Research on the Harem and Ladies in the Heian Period" by Suda Haruko (1982, Chiyoda Shobo)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

令制下において一定の地位をもつ女性の称。自らが五位以上を帯びる者を内命婦(ないみょうぶ)、夫が五位以上である者を外命婦(げみょうぶ)と称した。中国の制度を輸入したものであるが、その内容は異なる。日本の場合は五位以上と六位以下に画然たる差を設ける官人秩序のあり方を反映している。なかには後宮(こうきゅう)に勤仕しない者もいたが、朝会(ちょうえ)のときには朝参(ちょうさん)を許された。一方、平安中期以降には、後宮十二司(こうきゅうじゅうにし)の解体に伴って新しい女官(にょかん)秩序が形成されるが、そのなかで内侍(ないし)(掌侍(ないしのじょう))に次いで位置づけられる四、五位クラスの女房の称として「命婦」の語が使用される。内命婦の平安時代的な変身の姿としてよい。中世の、中臈(ちゅうろう)とされる女房に相当するようで、「侍臣の女(むすめ)」以下とされる(『禁秘抄』)。

[玉井 力]

『吉川真司著「平安時代女房の存在形態」(『律令官僚制の研究』所収・1998・塙書房)』『角田文衛著『日本の後宮』(1973・学燈社)』『須田春子著『平安時代後宮及び女司の研究』(1982・千代田書房)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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