Tonkura - Miyake

It refers to the land owned by the Emperor and Imperial family before the establishment of the Ritsuryo state, and is also written as Tonke, Kanke, Otaku, or Miyake. Originally it referred to the official storehouses themselves, where rice grains were stored, but later it came to include the cultivated land for the rice stored in the official storehouses, the associated irrigation facilities, and the farmers (tabe).

Tonkura are said to have developed as early as the 5th century in the Kinai region, but it was not until the 6th century that they spread nationwide. In particular, during this period, some Tonkura were directly managed by the Yamato royal authority, such as the Shirai no Miyake in Kibi, which dispatched officials (tazukai) to create a register of fields. However, many Tonkura in various regions were left to the sole management of local powerful clans, and the two types of Tonkura coexisted.

[Reiji Harashima]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

律令(りつりょう)国家成立以前にみられた天皇・皇族の領有地をいい、屯家、官家、御宅、三宅とも書く。本来は稲穀を収納する官倉そのものをいったが、のちには、その官倉に納める稲穀の耕地、付属の灌漑(かんがい)施設、および耕作民（田部(たべ)）などを含めるものになった。

　屯倉は早く5世紀の畿内(きない)に発達したといわれるが、全国的に拡大されたのは6世紀のことである。とくにこの時代になると、吉備(きび)の白猪屯倉(しらいのみやけ)のように、大和(やまと)王権が役人（田令(たづかい)）を派遣し、田部の丁籍をつくって直接経営するものが現れた。しかし各地の多くの屯倉は、現地の豪族の管理に一任したタイプのもので、この両者が並存していた。

［原島礼二］

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例