Mawāli (English spelling)

Japanese: マワーリー(英語表記)mawālī
Mawāli (English spelling)
The plural form of the Arabic word mawlā generally means "master, protector" and can also refer to "God" with the definite article, but historically it refers to "a person of inferior status who receives protection." In pre-Islamic Arab society, many freed slaves were not completely free and were kept under the protection of their former masters. Freed slaves in this state were called mawari. Also, after the great conquests, the Arabs formed a ruling group over a vast area from West Asia to North Africa, and non-Arabs had to convert to Islam and come under Arab protection. In this way, non-Arab Muslims who were under the protection of Arab groups or individuals were also called mawari. Although the mawari were Muslims, they were discriminated against by the Arabs in many ways and treated as inferior, but gradually some of them showed outstanding talent in academics and the arts and came to occupy important positions in military affairs. As a result, the mawari began to concentrate in cities, and the increase in the number of mawari who left the countryside and lived in cities mixed with Arabs led to a decline in the population of rural areas, which were a source of tax revenue. As a result, the government sometimes took strong measures to force the Mawali to return to farming, and dissatisfaction with this discrimination led to the Mawali issue becoming a major political issue during the Umayyad period. However, as the Arabs gradually intermarried and engaged in internal conflicts, losing their unity as a ruling group, the same land tax was imposed on Arabs, Mawali, and non-Muslims, and the discrimination between Arabs and Mawali was essentially eliminated.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
アラビア語マウラー mawlāの複数形で,一般には「主人,保護者」を意味し,また定冠詞を付して「神」をさすこともあるが,歴史上の用語としては逆に「保護を受ける劣った身分の者」をさす。イスラム前のアラブ社会では解放された奴隷の多くは完全な自由人にはなれず,もとの主人の保護下におかれた。このような状態の解放奴隷をマワーリーといった。また大征服により,アラブが西アジアから北アフリカにいたる広大な地域の支配者集団を形成したことにより,非アラブはイスラムに改宗してアラブの保護下に入る必要があった。このようにアラブの集団,または個人の保護下にあった非アラブのイスラム教徒もマワーリーと呼ばれた。マワーリーは同じイスラム教徒ではあっても,アラブから何かにつけ差別され,劣った身分の者として扱われたが,次第に学問,芸術面ですぐれた才能を発揮する者が現れ,軍事面でも重要な地位を占めるようになった。それに伴いマワーリーが都市に集中するようになり,農村を離れて都市でアラブと混って生活するマワーリーの増加は,租税の源である農村の人口減少を招いた。そのため,政府はマワーリーの帰農という強圧対策をとることもあり,またその差別に対する不満もあって「マワーリー」問題はウマイヤ朝時代の重大な政治問題となった。しかし,アラブが次第に混血し,内部抗争も行われて,支配者集団としてのまとまりを失うにつれて,アラブにもマワーリーにも非イスラム教徒にも同一の土地税が課せられるようになり,アラブとマワーリーの差別は事実上解消していった。

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