Robert Sanderson Mulliken

Japanese: マリケン - まりけん(英語表記)Robert Sanderson Mulliken
Robert Sanderson Mulliken

American physical chemist. Born in Newburyport, Massachusetts. Known for pioneering quantum chemistry methods in the fields of chemical bond theory and structural chemistry, and contributing to their establishment. After graduating from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he studied at the University of Chicago (graduated in 1921) and Harvard University, and in 1926 he became an assistant professor at New York University, and in 1928 he moved to the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in 1931.

He began his experimental research on the band spectra of diatomic molecules from the mid-1920s to the early 1930s, and then went on to consistently investigate the state of electrons within molecules and how they behave, developing theoretical research into quantum chemistry.

From 1932 to 1935, he achieved results in theoretical research that became the basis of today's molecular orbital theory. Together with Hund's paper (1928) and Hückel's paper (1931), he contributed to laying the foundations of the molecular orbital method in quantum chemistry, which is widely used today. The concept of molecular orbital is an extension of the one-center atomic orbital to an orbital that extends throughout a molecule with multiple centers, and it is easy for chemists to understand intuitively, especially in the case of conjugated double bond systems such as benzene, and has become widely used. From the 1930s to the 1940s, Mulliken consistently conducted theoretical research on the electronic state of molecules, such as electronic spectrum intensity and hyperconjugation, centering on molecular orbital theory, and demonstrated the effectiveness of molecular orbital theory as a method of quantum chemistry, contributing to its dissemination among chemists. In the early 1950s, Mulliken proposed the concept of charge-transfer interaction for the spectra of molecular compounds, such as molecular complexes of halogen molecules and organic compounds (such as benzene-iodine complexes), and provided a theoretical explanation for it using the molecular orbital method. This theory has had a major impact not only on molecular complexes but on chemistry in general. Research into charge-transfer complexes is one of the hot topics of modern research, and is currently being actively pursued. In 1966, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

[Yasu Arakawa November 19, 2018]

"The Original Texts of Chemistry 2: Chemical Bond Theory II" edited by the Chemical Society of Japan (1975, University of Tokyo Press)

[Reference] | Chemical Bonds | Electronegativity | Quantum Chemistry

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アメリカの物理化学者。マサチューセッツ州ニューベリポートに生まれる。化学結合論、構造化学の分野で量子化学の方法を開拓し、その確立に貢献した業績で知られる。マサチューセッツ工科大学卒業後、シカゴ大学(1921年学位取得)、ハーバード大学で研究し、1926年ニューヨーク大学助教授、1928年シカゴ大学に移り、1931年より同大学教授。

 初期に1920年代なかばから1930年代初めにかけて二原子分子のバンド・スペクトルについての実験的研究を進め、そこから出発して、分子の中の電子がいかなる状態にあり、どのようにふるまうのかという問題を一貫して追究し、量子化学的な理論的研究を展開する。

 1932年から1935年ごろにかけて、今日の分子軌道理論の基礎となる理論的研究で成果をあげ、フント論文(1928)、ヒュッケル論文(1931)などとともに、今日、広く用いられる量子化学における分子軌道法の土台をつくりあげるのに貢献した。分子軌道概念は、一中心の原子軌道に対して、それを多中心の分子全体に広がった軌道として拡張した概念であり、とくに共役二重結合系たとえばベンゼンなどの場合に、化学者の直観においてとらえやすく、広く使われるようになった。マリケンは、1930年から1940年代を通じて電子スペクトル強度、超共役など、分子軌道理論を軸に、一貫して分子の電子状態の理論的研究を展開し、量子化学の方法としての分子軌道理論の有効性を明らかにし、それを化学者の間に広めるのに寄与した。1950年代当初、マリケンは、分子化合物、たとえばハロゲン分子と有機化合物との分子錯体(ベンゼン‐ヨウ素錯体など)のスペクトルに関し、電荷移動相互作用の概念を提起し、分子軌道法でその理論的説明を与えた。この理論は単に分子錯体のみならず化学全般に大きく影響を与えている。電荷移動錯体の研究は今日的テーマの一つとして、現在、活発な研究が広く進められている。1966年ノーベル化学賞を受賞した。

[荒川 泓 2018年11月19日]

『日本化学会編『化学の原典2 化学結合論Ⅱ』(1975・東京大学出版会)』

[参照項目] | 化学結合 | 電気陰性度 | 量子化学

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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