Mayu (English spelling) cocoon

Japanese: 繭 - まゆ(英語表記)cocoon
Mayu (English spelling) cocoon

A shell- or pouch-like covering that is created by the larvae of insects that undergo complete metamorphosis using the silk threads or secretions they produce when they become pupae. The larvae pupate inside the shell- or pouch-like covering. This protects the pupa from predators, external forces, and sudden changes in the environment. Typical cocoons are seen in silkworms, which are the source of silk thread, and the Japanese silkworm, which produces silk thread. However, known insects that make cocoons using only the silk they produce include moths, flies, bees, beetles, caddisflies, some neuropterans, and fleas, and they come in a variety of colors, shapes, and structures. For example, the cocoon of the Japanese larvae of the campanula is roughly net-basket-shaped, that of the scaly moth is thick and hard like a bird's egg, and the cocoons of many sawflies are thin and parchment-like. Silkworm varieties vary in color and shape. In addition, cocoons can be made from nearby materials such as sand grains, dead leaves, and wood chips, sewn together with silk thread, or, as in the case of some noctuid moths, they chew wood and harden it with secretions, while in the case of the tiger moth, they use the hairs of the larvae. Usually, the silk threads that spin the cocoons are secreted from a silk gland that opens in the mouth of the larvae; in moths and bees, this gland is the labial gland, which is similar to the salivary gland of many other insects, but in beetles and neuropterans, it is secreted from the rear end of the body and is considered to be a secretion of the Malpighian tubules or midgut. Some cocoons have a thick outer layer and a thin inner layer, and in the case of the polyparasitic braconid wasp, many larvae that emerge from the host sometimes stick closely together to create a single cocoon.

Many larvae that burrow into the ground or into rotting wood or other materials to pupate create small chambers to put their bodies in by hardening them with secretions and silk, but these are called pupal cells and cannot be called cocoons. Also, many flies of the Diptera class of cyclorhaphytes shrink their bodies into an egg or barrel shape at the end of the larval stage, and their cuticle turns hard and dark brown, within which they pupate; this cuticle is called a puparium. In either case, it serves to protect the pupa, just like a cocoon.

[Takehiko Nakane]

[Reference] | Silkworm

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

完全変態をする昆虫の幼虫が蛹(さなぎ)になるときに、自分自身の出す絹糸(けんし)あるいは分泌物を用いてつくる殻状または袋状の覆いのことをいい、幼虫はその中で蛹化(ようか)する。蛹体は、これによって外敵や外力あるいは環境の急変から保護されている。典型的な繭は絹糸の原料となるカイコやテグスをとるヤママユにみられるものであるが、自身の出す糸だけで繭をつくる昆虫としては、ガ、ハエ、ハチ、甲虫、トビケラ、脈翅(みゃくし)類の各一部とノミ類が知られており、色、形、構造はさまざまである。たとえば、クスサンでは粗い網籠(あみかご)状、イラガでは鳥の卵に似て厚くて硬く、多くのハバチ類の繭は薄くて羊皮紙状である。カイコは品種によって色や形などに違いがある。繭にはこのほかに、周囲にある砂粒や枯れ葉、木くずなどを利用し、それらを絹糸でつづり合わせてつくられることがあり、またヤガのある種のように材をかみ砕いて分泌物で固めるもの、ヒトリガのように幼虫の毛を利用するようなものもある。普通、繭を紡ぐ絹糸は幼虫の口部に開く絹糸腺(せん)から出され、この腺はガ類やハチ類では下唇腺で、ほかの多くの昆虫の唾液(だえき)腺と相同であるが、甲虫類や脈翅類では体の後端部から出され、マルピーギ管もしくは中腸の分泌物とされている。なお、繭によっては厚めの外層と薄い内層があることがあり、多寄生のコマユバチでは宿主から出た多数の幼虫が互いに密着してひとかたまりとなった繭をつくることもある。

 地中や朽ち木、材などの中に潜って蛹になる幼虫には、分泌物や糸で周囲を固めて、体を入れる小室をつくるものも多いが、これらは蛹室pupal cellであって、繭とはいえない。また、双翅目の環縫(かんぽう)類のハエには、幼虫期の終わりに体が卵形ないし樽(たる)形に縮み、外皮が硬く濃い褐色になり、その中で蛹になるものが多いが、この外皮は蛹殻pupariumとよばれる。いずれの場合も繭と同様に蛹体の保護に役だっている。

[中根猛彦]

[参照項目] | カイコ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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