A form of social control in Sicily. The word Mafia is thought to have originated from Arabic, but its meaning has not yet been clarified. In the mid-19th century, when control of rural Sicilian villages was transferred from the large land-owning aristocracy to the rural bourgeoisie, the rural bourgeoisie hired private soldiers to ensure control over the peasants, and formed a ruling order through private coercive power called the "code of silence" rather than public authority. This method of control, social practices, and the people who exercised it came to be called the Mafia. There is a theory that the Mafia was a secret society that was born in the 13th century to rebel against foreign oppression, but this is incorrect. Rather than breaking the law, the Mafia chooses to handle things through private fighting rights without relying on the law, and is therefore distinguished from ordinary criminal groups. In the 20th century, the Fascist government suppressed the Mafia in order to penetrate central power to every corner, but it was revived when the American army used the Mafia when it landed in Sicily during World War II. Today, the main stage for the Mafia is to secure various interests in cities rather than in rural areas. When a large number of Sicilian immigrants migrated to the United States and South America from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, the name of the Mafia was brought to the United States, but it took on a different character from the Sicilian Mafia, and the Mafia that took root in the United States became characterized as an urban crime organization. In the late 1930s, it became the largest and most powerful crime organization in the United States, and in the 1960s, there were 24 Mafia organizations in the United States. The organization followed the Sicilian one, and the leaders of these Mafia groups formed councils to determine the rules of the organization, and through the organization of middle bosses, they forced the soldiers at the bottom to operate restaurants, machine sales, barber shops, etc., as well as engage in illegal prostitution, gambling, drug trafficking, etc. They also monitored the illegal acts of the organization (murder, assault, bribery, etc.) to prevent them from affecting the upper ranks. However, by the 1970s, the number of bosses with Sicilian roots had decreased, and Sicilian immigrants had begun to assimilate into American culture, so the power of the Mafia began to show signs of decline. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
シチリア島における社会支配の一形式。マフィアという語はアラビア語に由来するとみられるが,語義についてはまだ解明されてない。 19世紀中頃シチリアの農村の支配権が大土地所有貴族から農村ブルジョアジーに移行する過程で,農村ブルジョアジーが農民に対する支配を確実なものとするため私兵を雇って,公権力よりも「沈黙の掟」という私的強制力を通じて支配秩序を形成した。このような支配の方式と社会慣行,さらにはそれを行使する人間がマフィアの名で呼ばれることになった。外国の圧政に反抗するため 13世紀に生れた秘密結社という説もあるが正しくない。マフィアは法を犯すというよりも,法に依存しないで私闘権によって物事を処理することを選ぶわけで,通常の犯罪集団とも区別される。 20世紀になってファシズム政府は中央権力をすみずみまで貫徹するためにマフィアに弾圧を加えたが,第2次世界大戦中アメリカ軍がシチリア上陸に際してマフィアを利用したことから復活した。現在では農村よりも都市の諸利権確保がマフィアの主要舞台となっている。なお 19世紀末から 20世紀初めにかけてシチリアから大量の移民がアメリカ合衆国,南アメリカへ渡ったときマフィアの名もアメリカに持込まれたが,シチリアのマフィアとは違った性格を有するようになり,アメリカに根づいたマフィアは都市犯罪組織としての性格を特徴とするにいたった。 1930年後半にはアメリカ犯罪組織のなかで最大,最強のものとなり,60年代のアメリカには犯罪組織としてのマフィアが 24も数えられた。組織のうえではシチリアのそれを踏襲し,それらマフィア・グループの統領たちは評議会を構成して組織の掟を決定し,中間ボスの組織を通じて末端の兵士に,レストラン業,機械販売業,理髪業などの経営のほか,非合法の売春,賭博,麻薬売買などに従事させた。また組織の不法行為 (殺人,暴行,買収など) は上部に類を及ぼさないよう監視した。しかし 70年代に入るとシチリアの伝統をもつボスも少くなり,シチリア移民もアメリカの風土に溶け込んできたため,マフィアの力は衰退の兆しを見せはじめた。
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