David Borisovich Ryazanov

A Russian revolutionary activist and Soviet Marxist philologist. Born in Odessa on March 10, 1870 to Jewish parents. His real name was Gol'dendakh (Ryazanov was his pen name). He was involved in revolutionary activities in Odessa and St. Petersburg in 1887, and in 1889 he became a Marxist from the Narodniks abroad. He was imprisoned and exiled in 1891, and later became a Menshevik after the Second Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party in 1903. After a brief arrest in 1907, he went into exile again, this time researching and publishing the history of the First International and the complete works of Marx and Engels (publishing two volumes by 1916 under the commission of the German Social Democratic Party). After the February Revolution of 1917, he returned to Russia and joined the Bolsheviks together with the Mezhlaiontsy (a group of international revolutionaries) led by Trotsky. He was then active in trade union activities, but did not follow the Bolshevik majority. After the October Revolution, he was active in the creation of a coalition government with the Mensheviks and the SRs, and in 1918 he joined the Left Communists led by Bukharin. In the same year, he left the party due to disagreement with the conclusion of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and later rejoined, but was excluded from union activities and his influence was hindered due to his anti-party platform in the trade union debates of 1920-1921.

In the 1920s, he was active in Marxist studies. In 1918, he helped found the Socialist Academy of Social Sciences, and in 1922, he became director of the Marx-Engels Institute, which produced 27 volumes of the Collected Works of Marx-Engels, 24 volumes of the Collected Works of Plekhanov, and 36 other projects. He was also a member of the Research Committee of the October Revolution and the Russian Communist Party from 1920 to 1928. He protected the Institute from Party interference and employed Mensheviks and Party heretics. In 1929, he became a member of the Academy of Sciences, and in 1930, he celebrated his 60th birthday with events including the publication of a commemorative collection of essays, the establishment of the biennial Ryazanov Prize for the best Marxist research, and messages of praise from Party officials. However, in 1931, Isaak Illich Rubin (1886-1937), a researcher at the Marx-Engels Institute, was arrested for his involvement in a case suspected of having ties to the Mensheviks, and was expelled from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He was arrested again in 1937, and died in prison on January 21, 1938.

[Kaido Katsutoshi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

ロシア革命の活動家で、ソ連のマルクス主義文献学者。1870年3月10日ユダヤ人を両親にオデッサで生まれる。本名ゴルデンダフГольдендах／Gol'dendakh、リャザーノフは筆名。1887年オデッサ、ペテルブルグで革命活動に従事し、1889年海外でナロードニキからマルクス主義者となる。1891年投獄、流刑後亡命し、1903年ロシア社会民主労働党第2回大会後メンシェビキとなった。1907年短期の逮捕後ふたたび亡命し、今度は第一インターナショナルの歴史、マルクス‐エンゲルスの著作全集の研究と出版（ドイツ社会民主党の委託で1916年までに2巻を出版）を行う。1917年二月革命後帰国、トロツキー指導のメジライオンツィ（国際派革命家グループ）とともにボリシェビキに加入、その後労働組合活動を行ったがボリシェビキ多数派には従わなかった。十月革命後メンシェビキ、SR(エスエル)参加の連立政府創設に活動、1918年ブハーリン指導の左翼共産主義者に合流した。同年ブレスト・リトフスク条約締結に不同意で離党、のち復党したが、1920～1921年の労働組合論争で反党的政綱で活動したことから組合活動を排除され、影響力を妨げられた。

　1920年代の活動はマルクス主義学問に向かった。1918年には社会主義社会科学アカデミーの創設を援助し、1922年にはマルクス‐エンゲルス研究所長となり、『マルクス‐エンゲルス全集』初版27巻、『プレハーノフ全集』初版24巻、その他36のプロジェクトを推進した。また、1920年から1928年まで十月革命‐ロシア共産党研究委員会会員。彼は研究所を党の干渉から保護し、メンシェビキ、党の異端者も雇った。1929年には科学アカデミー会員となり、1930年には彼の生誕60周年の行事（記念論文集刊行、最良のマルクス主義研究に与える2年ごとのリャザーノフ賞設立、党幹部の称賛メッセージ）なども行われた。しかし、1931年マルクス‐エンゲルス研究所の研究員ルービンIsaak Illich Rubin（1886―1937）がメンシェビキとの関係を疑われた事件に連座して逮捕され、ソ連共産党を除名された。1937年にふたたび逮捕され、1938年1月21日獄死。

［海道勝稔］

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