Madiun Affair

An armed uprising by the Communist Party broke out in Madiun, Indonesia's third largest city at the time, in September 1948. Indonesia, which declared independence in August 1945, was under military intervention in the name of "police action" by the Netherlands, which aimed to restore the colony from 1947 onwards. Opposition to the Renbil ceasefire agreement concluded by the Sharifuddin Cabinet in January 1948 led to the formation of a right-wing cabinet headed by Vice President Hatta, and on the other hand encouraged the strengthening of the Indonesian Communist Party, which challenged this. As soon as the Hatta Cabinet began planning to rationalize the national army in order to eliminate the influence of the Communist Party, which had infiltrated the army, the Communist Party resorted to a two-pronged strategy of fighting to overthrow the government through parliament and a revolutionary struggle. In August 1948, Musso (1897-1948) returned to Russia from more than 12 years of exile in Moscow, and took control of the Communist Party with the Gottwald Plan, which he had learned from the Czech Revolution, and further radicalized the party.

On September 17, 1948, the incident unfolded as the party leadership retroactively endorsed an uprising by pro-communist forces from the Snopati Division in Surakarta. Muso and others, who were on a local campaign tour, entered Madiun on September 19 and declared the establishment of a "National Front Government." However, the uprising was estranged from the masses, and was defeated by a counterattack from the elite Siliwangi Division (September 30), resulting in the loss of many of the party leadership, including Muso (who was killed in action). Along with the frequent communist uprisings that occurred at the time in Malaya (now Malaysia), the Philippines, Burma (now Myanmar), and other countries, this incident, which was suspected to be related to international communism, became one of the starting points of Indonesian politics, the confrontation between the national army and the communist party.

[Yoneji Kuroyanagi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

1948年9月、当時のインドネシア第三の都市マディウンで発生した共産党の武装蜂起(ほうき)。1945年8月に独立を宣言したインドネシアは、47年以後植民地復活を目ざすオランダの「警察行動」という名の軍事干渉下に置かれた。48年1月シャリフディン内閣が締結したレンビル停戦協定への反発は、一方では副大統領ハッタを首班とする右派内閣を誕生させ、他方ではこれに挑戦するインドネシア共産党の強化を促した。ハッタ内閣が国軍内部に浸透した共産党の影響を排すべく国軍合理化計画に着手するや、共産党は議会を通じた倒閣闘争と革命闘争の二面作戦に訴えた。48年8月、12年余のモスクワ亡命から帰国したムソMusso（1897―1948）がチェコ革命に学んだ「ゴットワルト・プラン」を携えて共産党の指導権を掌握し、党の先鋭化に拍車をかけた。

　1948年9月17日、事件は、スラカルタのスノパティ師団親共派部隊の蜂起を党指導部が事後追認する形で展開した。地方遊説途上にあったムソらは9月19日にマディウン入りし、「民族戦線政府」樹立を宣言した。しかし、蜂起は大衆から遊離しており、精鋭のシリワンギ師団の反撃であえなく敗退（9月30日）、ムソ（戦死）を含む多数の党指導部を失った。当時マラヤ（現マレーシア）、フィリピン、ビルマ（現ミャンマー）などでも頻発した共産主義者の蜂起とともに、国際共産主義との関連が疑われるこの事件は、国軍と共産党の対決というインドネシア政治の一つの原点となった。

［黒柳米司］

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