Treaty of Tianjin

A general term for the treaties concluded in Tianjin, China, between the Qing Dynasty and various foreign countries. (1) The first Treaty of Tianjin was a set of four treaties concluded in June 1858 in connection with the Arrow War (Second Opium War), with Russia, the United States, Great Britain, and France, respectively. All of them have a unilateral most-favored-nation clause, so they can be considered as one. The main contents of the most extensive treaty with Great Britain were as follows: (1) Permanent residence of diplomatic missions in Beijing, (2) Free travel inland and to open ports along the Yangtze River, (3) Holding a conference to set new trade regulations and revise tariffs (which legalized the opium trade), (4) Increasing the number of open ports, and (5) Freedom to spread Christianity. Other provisions included the payment of a total of 6 million taels in indemnity to both Great Britain and France. The treaties with Great Britain and France were ratified and exchanged at the same time as the Beijing Agreement in 1860, after the occupation of Beijing by the allied forces of the two countries.

Other notable Tianjin treaties include (2) the Sino-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce of 1871, which was concluded between Japan and China on an equal footing and recognizing each other's consular jurisdiction; (3) the Sino-Japanese Tianjin Agreement of 1885, which was concluded in connection with the Gapsin Coup in Korea and which promised the withdrawal of both countries' troops from Korea and mutual notification of future military deployments; (4) the Treaty of Tianjin concluded with France in 1885 in connection with the Sino-French War (which recognized Vietnam as a French protectorate); and (5) treaties concluded with Germany, Portugal, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Spain in the 1860s, with Peru in the 1870s, and with Brazil in the 1880s.

[Shinji Kojima]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国の天津で、清(しん)国と諸外国の間で結ばれた条約の総称。（1）最初の天津条約は、アロー戦争（第二次アヘン戦争）に関連して、1858年6月に、ロシア、アメリカ、イギリス、フランスの順にそれぞれ結ばれた四つの条約である。すべて片務的最恵国待遇条項が規定されているから、一体をなすものともいえる。もっとも広範囲な対イギリス条約のおもな内容は次のとおりである。〔1〕外交使節の北京(ペキン)常駐、〔2〕内地旅行と揚子江(ようすこう)沿岸開港場への自由往来、〔3〕新たな貿易規則と関税改正のための会議の開催（これによってアヘン貿易が合法化された）、〔4〕開港場の増加、〔5〕キリスト教布教の自由。ほかにイギリス、フランス両国に対し、合計600万両の償金支払いなど。イギリス、フランスとの条約は、60年、両国連合軍の北京占領後、北京協定と同時に批准交換された。

　このほかのおもな天津条約には、（2）1871年、日清(にっしん)両国が相互に対等の立場にたち、領事裁判権を互いに認め合って結んだ「日清修好条規」、（3）朝鮮での甲申(こうしん)政変に関連して結ばれ、両国軍隊の朝鮮からの撤兵、将来の出兵に際しての相互の通告などを約した1885年の日清天津協定、（4）清仏戦争に関連して、1885年にフランスと結んだ天津条約（ベトナムがフランスの保護国であることを承認した）があるほか、（5）1860年代に、ドイツ、ポルトガル、デンマーク、オランダ、スペインと、70年代にペルーと、80年代にブラジルと結んだ条約がある。

［小島晋治］

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