The old name of the province that covers the entire area of present-day Kumamoto Prefecture. In ancient times, it was the center of Hi (Hi) Province, one of the four provinces of Kyushu. There are theories about the origin of the name Hi Province, such as the fires of the Shiranui Sea or the eruption of Mount Aso, but today, taking into account the existence of the Nozu Burial Mounds (Hikawa Town) in Yatsushiro County, the most popular theory is that it comes from the place name Hikawa (Miyahara, Hikawa Town) in the same county. In the 5th and 6th centuries, they had power that extended to Chikuzen Province, but it is believed that they submitted to the Yamato Imperial Court after the Iwai Rebellion (527). Recently, there has been discussion about the inscription on the iron sword unearthed at the Eda Funayama Tomb (Nagomi Town, Tamana County), and based on documents, it is believed that in the 2nd year of Emperor Ankan's reign (535), a Miyake (miyake) was established in Kasukabe (Kasuga, Nishi Ward, Kumamoto City), and that Hi, Aso, Ashwaki (Ashikita), and Amakusa were established as kuni no miyatsuko (provincial governors). In the mid-7th century, they came under the control of Tsukushi Dazaifu, and Kukuchi Castle (Kikuka Town, Yamaga City) was built to defend against foreign enemies. Subsequently, with the establishment of the Ritsuryo system, Hizen and Higo were differentiated and Higo Province was established by no later than the 9th year of the reign of Empress Jitō (695). During the Ritsuryo period, Higo Province was the only large province in Kyushu, and in the 9th century, it had 14 districts, 98 towns, 23,500 cho of rice fields, 300,000 bundles of tax, and 2,593 pieces of silk, the largest amounts in Kyushu. There is a theory that the provincial capital was originally located in Mashiki (possibly in the Jonancho area of Minami Ward, Kumamoto City), but from the height of the Ritsuryo period (the Tenpyo period) until the mid-9th century, it was located in Takuma Provincial Capital (Kokufu, Chuo Ward, Kumamoto City), and provincial temples and nunneries were built in the surrounding areas, and Nara culture spread there. In addition, the Western Route of the Saikaido to Dazaifu was developed, and 10 stations and 6 stations on branch roads were established, and county offices and county temples were built in the provinces. The first provincial governor was Michigi Mibitona, who is said to have contributed to civil administration and industrial development policies. Later, with the relaxation of the Ritsuryo system, the provincial capital was moved to Akita Nihongi (Kumamoto City, Nishi Ward) around the middle of the Heian period. At the same time, the reorganization of the district and village system and the establishment of manors progressed from the end of the 10th century. In particular, the Dazaifu Tenmangu Anrakuji territories (Tamana-sho, Akaboshi-sho, Kawashi-sho, etc.) were established along the Kikuchi River, and royal territories with broad district and village names (Kanokogi-sho, Takuma-sho, Aso-sho) were established in a distinctive way. On the other hand, the samurai of Higo, especially the Kikuchi clan, whose ancestor is said to be the Dazaifu official Fujiwara Masanori, and the Aso clan, whose lineage was that of kuni no miyatsuko, gunji, and shinto priests, expanded their clans and shrine territories, becoming the core of the samurai, and eventually growing into an anti-Taira government force. The Kamakura Shogunate, which was established after defeating the Taira clan government, dispatched eastern vassals (such as the Sagara, Otomo, Takuma, and Shodai clans) to govern the samurai in Higo, and established a special relationship between the Higo vassals and the general land stewards (Sojito) and the small land stewards. It also had to reorganize the manors and public lands (Kuma-sho and Aso-sha lands) and create a map of the fields to grasp the area. Kikuchi Takefusa and Takezaki Suenaga were active during the Mongol invasion (Ekotoba: Mongol Invasions), but after the invasion, the Hojo clan made a sudden advance into Higo, which drew opposition from the Kikuchi and Aso clans, and became the main base of the Southern Court forces in the Nanboku-cho civil war. In particular, the Kikuchi clan, who were appointed as Higo no Kami (Lord of Higo) in the Kenmu government, played a central role in the Southern Court army, and among them, Kikuchi Takemitsu was particularly active, welcoming Prince Kaneyoshi and temporarily establishing the Seiseifu (Western Administration) in Dazaifu. During this time, they also fought against the Northern Court warriors in Higo (the Oshiro and Takuma clans, etc.) (the Battle of Takumagahara), but as seen in the Aso clan, they were divided into two branches, weakening their power. The civil war was put to an end in 1392 (Genchu 9, Meitoku 3) with the peace agreement made by Imagawa Ryoshun, the Kyushu Tandai, but as a result, the power of the powerful warriors (the Takuma, Kawajiri, Sagara clans, etc.) was weakened, and this led to the rise of the local lords (the Oshiro, Kumabe, Jo clans, etc.). After the civil war, the position of Shugo of Higo was passed down to the Kikuchi clan (Taketomo, Kanetomo, Mochitomo, Tamekuni, Shigetomo), but from the time of Kikuchi Yoshiyuki, Higo entered the Sengoku period of conflict, and finally, with Yoshiyuki (died in 1504), the line of Shugo of Kikuchi Masamune came to an end. Adopted children from the Kikuchi clan, Aso, and Takuma clan were tried as successors, but this did not last long, and finally Otomo Yoshiaki's younger brother Shigeharu (Yoshiharu, later renamed Yoshitake) was appointed as Shugo, but he too was attacked by Otomo Yoshishige (Sourin) in 1551 (Tenbun 20) for anti-Otomo actions, and was forced to flee, and from then on, the central and northern part of Higo came under the rule of the Otomo clan. Meanwhile, Sagara Nagatsugu of the Nagatome clan, who unified Kuma County, advanced into the Yatsushiro region, and then Tametsugu took control of Yatsushiro Furufumotto Castle in 1484 (Bunmei 16) and achieved control over the three counties of Kuma, Ashikita, and Yatsushiro. He enacted a code of conduct (seven articles) and grew into a Sengoku daimyo. His successors were Nagatsune, Yoshishige, Haruhiro, and Yoshiharu, and they formed daimyo territories by managing castle towns and engaging in foreign trade. However, during the Tensho period (1573-1592), the Ryuzoji clan of Hizen from the north and the Shimazu clan of Satsuma from the south invaded, causing the Otomo-Sagara clan's rule to collapse. The Shimazu clan then defeated the Ryuzoji clan, and in 1586 (Tensho 14) Higo came under the rule of Shimazu Yoshihisa. However, the following year, under Toyotomi Hideyoshi's campaign to unify Kyushu, the Shimazu clan surrendered, and in May of that year, Sassa Narimasa was appointed lord of the entire Higo province (excluding Kuma district) as the first modern daimyo, and made Kumamoto Castle his base of operations. However, shortly after taking office, Narimasa attempted to carry out a land survey of the domain (Taikou land survey), which led to an uprising by the Kumabe clan and other Higo local lords, and he was overthrown. The following May, 1588, Kato Kiyomasa and Konishi Yukinaga were appointed lords of half the province (Kiyomasa was estimated to have had 195,000 koku for the nine districts north of Shirakawa, and Yukinaga was estimated to have had 140,000 koku for the four districts south of Shirakawa). During this time, 52 local lords were culled, a land survey was carried out, and Higo was awarded 540,000 koku. Immediately after arriving in Japan, Kiyomasa and Yukinaga began the construction of castle towns (Kumamoto City and Uto City) and new castles (Kumamoto Castle and Uto Castle), and, having grasped their territories, they sent troops as vanguards (10,000 and 7,000 men) to the two Korean Wars. However, at the Battle of Sekigahara they were divided into the Eastern and Western armies, and after the battle, the entire territory of Higo (including Bungo Tsurusaki) (540,000 koku) became the domain of Kato Kiyomasa. However, Kuma County became the domain of the Sagara clan (22,000 koku), and Amakusa County became the domain of the Terasawa Hirotaka clan. Later, in 1632 (Kan'ei 9) under Kiyomasa's son Tadahiro, the domain was abolished due to mismanagement, and Hosokawa Tadatoshi entered the country in his place, and it continued as the Hosokawa clan's Kumamoto domain. During that time, a branch of the Uto domain was created, and Hosokawa Shigekata carried out reforms in the Horeki period (1751-1764). However, since the domain was dominated by supporters of the shogunate during the late Edo period, the domain was reformed in 1870 (Meiji 3) and the Meiji Restoration began, and the following year it became Kumamoto Prefecture (temporarily called Shirakawa Prefecture). The actual production was 960,000 to 970,000 koku. After the Shimabara Rebellion (1637), Amakusa County became a Tenryo (Tomioka Castle Magistrate), and from then on, with an increasing population and frequent peasant uprisings, it changed into Tomioka Prefecture, Amakusa Prefecture, Yatsushiro Prefecture, and then Shirakawa Prefecture in 1872. The Sagara clan had its base in Hitoyoshi Castle, but while it retained a backward structure, it welcomed the Meiji Restoration with the Otehan Incident, the Nabayama Incident, and the Ushinotoshi Incident at the end of the Edo period, and carried out reforms in the clan government in 1870, becoming Hitoyoshi Prefecture (which was renamed Yatsushiro Prefecture) the following year. In 1873, Yatsushiro Prefecture was merged with Shirakawa Prefecture, and in 1876 it was called Kumamoto Prefecture again. [Tsuneo Moriyama] "General Overview of the History of Kumamoto Prefecture" (1967, Kumamoto Prefecture) "Japanese Historical Place Names 44: Place Names of Kumamoto Prefecture" (1985, Heibonsha) [Reference items] | | | |1856 (Ansei 3), National Diet Library Hiroshige Utagawa "Illustrated Guide to Famous Places in the Sixty-odd Provinces, Higo, Five Provinces" Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
現在の熊本県一円地域をさす旧国名。古代は九州の四つの国の一つ、火(肥)の国の中心地。火の国の名称の起源については、不知火(しらぬい)海の火光や阿蘇(あそ)山の噴火とする説があるが、今日では八代(やつしろ)郡野津古墳群(氷川(ひかわ)町)の存在をも併考し、同郡肥伊郷氷川(氷川町宮原)の地名によるとする説が有力。5、6世紀には筑前(ちくぜん)国にも及ぶ勢力を有したが、磐井(いわい)の反乱(527)を契機に大和(やまと)朝廷に服属したと推定され、最近は江田船山古墳(玉名郡和水(なごみ)町)出土の鉄剣銘について論議されているし、また文献的に安閑(あんかん)天皇2年(535)に春日部(かすかべ)(熊本市西区春日)屯倉(みやけ)の設置、および国造(くにのみやつこ)に火・阿蘇・葦分(あしわき)(葦北(あしきた))・天草が設置されたことで推定している。7世紀中ごろに筑紫(つくし)大宰府(だざいふ)に統轄され、外敵防備のため鞠智(くくち)城(山鹿(やまが)市菊鹿(きくか)町)が築城された。その後律令(りつりょう)制の確立にしたがって、遅くとも持統(じとう)天皇9年(695)までに肥前と肥後が分化し、肥後国が成立した。 律令期の肥後国は九州唯一の大国で、9世紀には14郡98郷、田数2万3500町、正税30万束、絹2593疋(ひき)は九州最高の量である。国府は当初は益城(ましき)(熊本市南区城南町地区か)に設置されたとする説があるが、律令最盛期(天平(てんぴょう)期)から9世紀中ごろまでは託麻(たくま)国府(熊本市中央区国府)に設置され、周辺地に国分寺・国分尼寺が建立され奈良文化が浸透していった。また大宰府への西海道西路も整備され10駅家と支街道6駅家も設置され、地方にも郡衙(ぐんが)・郡寺が建立された。国司で最初にみられるのは道君首名(みちぎみおびとな)で民政・殖産政策に尽くしたことが伝えられている。その後律令制の弛緩(しかん)に伴い平安中期ごろに国府は飽田(あきた)二本木(熊本市西区)に移設され、その一方では10世紀末から郡郷制の再編成と荘園(しょうえん)の成立が進捗(しんちょく)した。とくに菊池川沿岸に太宰府天満宮安楽寺領(玉名庄(しょう)、赤星庄、合志(かわし)庄など)が成立するとともに、広域の郡郷名をもつ王家領(鹿子木(かのこぎ)庄・託麻庄・阿蘇庄)が特徴的に成立した。一方では、肥後の武士団、とくにその中心は大宰府官人藤原蔵規(まさのり)に始祖をもつといわれる菊池氏と、国造・郡司(ぐんじ)・神主に系譜をもつ阿蘇氏が一族を拡延し、社領を拡大して武士団の中核となり、ついに反平氏政権勢力にまで成長していった。 平氏政権を討滅して成立した鎌倉幕府は、肥後の武士団統轄のため東国御家人(ごけにん)(相良(さがら)・大友・託磨(たくま)・小代(しょうだい)氏ら)を派遣し、肥後御家人との間で惣地頭(そうじとう)―小地頭の特殊関係を成立させるとともに、荘園公領の再編成(球磨庄・阿蘇社領)と図田帳(ずでんちょう)の作成で在地把握を図らねばならなかった。蒙古(もうこ)襲来では菊池武房(たけふさ)や竹崎季長(すえなが)らが活躍したが(蒙古襲来絵詞(えことば))、役後は北条氏が肥後に急進出し、そのため菊池、阿蘇氏の反発を買い、南北朝内乱の南朝軍の主基盤となっていった。とくに建武(けんむ)政権で肥後守(かみ)に補任(ぶにん)された菊池氏は一貫して南朝軍の中心として活躍することとなったが、なかでも菊池武光(たけみつ)は懐良(かねよし)親王を迎え、一時的に大宰府に征西府を開設するほどに活動し、その間、肥後の北朝武士団(小代・託磨氏ら)とも交戦(託麻ヶ原戦)したが、また阿蘇家にみられるように惣庶家に二分されて勢力を弱化させていった。内乱は1392年(元中9・明徳3)に九州探題今川了俊(りょうしゅん)の和議にて終止符を打ったが、その結果、有力武士家(託磨・河尻・相良氏ら)の勢力が弱化し、国人(こくじん)層(小代・隈部(くまべ)・城(じょう)氏ら)が台頭する原因となった。内乱後の肥後守護職(しゅごしき)は菊池氏(武朝(たけとも)・兼朝・持朝・為邦(ためくに)・重朝(しげとも))に継承されたが、菊池能運(よしゆき)期から肥後は戦国争乱期に入り、ついに能運(1504死亡)を最後に菊池正宗系守護職は断絶し、菊池一族、阿蘇・託磨氏から養子をとり継嗣(けいし)としたが長続きせず、ついに大友義鑑(よしあき)の弟重治(義治、のち義武と改名)を迎えて守護につけたが、彼も反大友的行動をとったとして、1551年(天文20)に大友義鎮(よししげ)(宗麟(そうりん))から攻撃を受けて逃亡し、以後、肥後の中北部は大友氏の治下となった。一方、球磨郡を統一した永留系相良長続(ながつぐ)は八代地域に進出し、ついで為続(ためつぐ)が1484年(文明16)に八代古麓(ふるふもと)城を手中にして球磨、芦北、八代の3郡の支配を成就(じょうじゅ)し、法度(はっと)(7か条)を制定して戦国大名に成長、継嗣は長毎(ながつね)、義滋(よししげ)、晴広、義陽(よしひ)と続き、城下町経営や外国貿易を展開して大名領国を形成した。しかし天正(てんしょう)期(1573~1592)に、北から肥前龍造寺(りゅうぞうじ)氏、南から薩摩(さつま)島津氏が進入して大友・相良氏支配体制は崩れ、さらに島津氏が龍造寺氏を討ったことから1586年(天正14)には肥後は島津義久の統治下となった。 しかし翌年の豊臣(とよとみ)秀吉の九州統一戦のもとで島津氏は降(くだ)り、同年5月には初代近世大名として佐々成政(さっさなりまさ)が肥後一国(球磨郡を除く)領主に任命され、隈本(くまもと)城を拠城としたが、成政は就任早々に領内検地(太閤(たいこう)検地)の施行を企図したことから隈部氏ら肥後国人衆の一揆(いっき)を引き起こして失脚し、翌1588年5月に加藤清正(きよまさ)と小西行長(ゆきなが)が半国領主(清正は白川以北9郡19万5000石、行長は白川以南4郡14万石推定)として任命された。その間、52人の国衆が淘汰(とうた)され、また検地が施行されて肥後54万石が確定されたようである。清正と行長は入国直後から城下町(熊本市・宇土市)の形成と新城(熊本城・宇土城)の築城に着手するとともに、領内把握をもって二度の朝鮮の役に先軍(1万人と7000人)として出兵した。しかし関ヶ原で東軍と西軍となり、役後は加藤清正の肥後(豊後鶴崎(ぶんごつるさき)を含む)一円所領(54万石)となった。ただし球磨郡は相良氏(2万2000石)、天草郡は寺沢広高氏領となった。 その後、清正の子忠広のとき、失政を理由に1632年(寛永9)に改易され、かわって細川忠利が入国し、以後、細川氏熊本藩として継続した。その間宇土支藩が生まれ、また細川重賢(しげかた)により宝暦(ほうれき)期(1751~1764)に藩政改革が行われたが、幕末期は佐幕派が中心であったため、1870年(明治3)の藩政改革で明治維新を迎え、翌年熊本県(一時白川県と称す)となった。実生産高は96~97万石。天草郡は島原の乱(1637)後は天領(富岡城代官)となり、以後、人口増加と百姓一揆を頻発させながら明治維新を迎え、富岡県、天草県、八代県と変遷し、1872年白川県となる。相良藩は人吉城を拠城とするが、後進的構造を残しつつ御手判(おてはん)事件、茸山(なばやま)騒動、幕末の丑歳(うしのとし)騒動をもって明治維新を迎え、1870年に藩政改革を行い、翌年人吉県(八代県と改称)となる。1873年八代県は白川県に統合され、1876年ふたたび熊本県と称す。 [森山恒雄] 『『熊本県史 総説篇』(1967・熊本県)』▽『『日本歴史地名大系44 熊本県の地名』(1985・平凡社)』 [参照項目] | | | |1856年(安政3)国立国会図書館所蔵"> 歌川広重『六十余州名所図会 肥後 五か… 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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