Kholop (English spelling)

Japanese: ホロープ（英語表記）kholop

A slave-like dependent people in Russia from the 9th to the 17th centuries. Prisoners of war, people sold into slavery, people who married female slaves, and women who married kholops belonged to this class. Children of kholops were also considered property of their masters by kholops. From the 15th to the 17th centuries, the number of people who became debt slaves (→ debt servitude) due to debt increased. Until the 15th century, kholops were the main ones who cultivated the land of their lords, but from the 16th century, the role of the kholops decreased as ordinary peasants became serfs. With the establishment of a poll tax by Peter I (the Great) (1718-24), kholops were legally defined as the same as serfs.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

9～17世紀までのロシアにおける奴隷に近い従属民。捕虜，身売りした者，女奴隷と結婚した者，ホロープと結婚した女などがこの階層に属した。ホロープの子供もホロープで主人の財産とみなされた。 15～17世紀にかけて借金のため債務奴隷 (→債務奴僕制 ) となる者が増大した。 15世紀まで領主の土地を耕すのはおもにホロープであったが，16世紀からは一般農民の農奴化が進み，ホロープの役割は減少した。ピョートル1世 (大帝)の人頭税の制定 (1718～24) により，ホロープは法的に農奴と同じものと規定された。

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