Polo (English spelling)

Japanese: ポーロ（英語表記）polo

A forced labor system established in 1580 during Spanish rule in the Philippines. All adult males (aged 16-60) except for the chief and his eldest son were obligated to do 40 days of corvée per year. In 1884, this was reduced to 15 days per year, but the system itself remained. The law stipulated that the corvée be paid in wages and rice, and included clauses prohibiting its abuse, but these were largely ignored, and the inhabitants suffered from poverty and hunger. Along with the bandara (a system of forced sale of produce), this is considered a typical example of Spanish misrule.

Polo

Please see the Marco Polo page.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

スペインのフィリピン支配において 1580年に定められた強制労働制度。首長とその長男を除く全成年男子 (16～60歳) は年間 40日の賦役義務を負った。 1884年に年間 15日に軽減されたが，制度自体は存続した。賦役に対しては賃金と米の支給が定められ，またその濫用を禁じる条項もあったが，ほとんど無視され，住民は貧困と飢えに苦しんだ。バンダーラ (生産物の強制的売渡し制度) とともに，スペインの悪政の典型とされる。