Strait of Hormuz

Japanese: ホルムズ海峡 - ほるむずかいきょう(英語表記)Strait of Hormuz
Strait of Hormuz
A strait that connects the Persian Gulf, where oil-producing countries reside, with the Arabian Sea, which leads to the Indian Ocean. It is also called the Strait of Ormuz. The strait is about 40 kilometers wide between Bandar Abbas on the Iranian side and Al Khasab (Omani territory) on the Arabian Peninsula side. There are navigation lanes between the islands of Qeshm and Hormuz (both Iranian territories).
It has a long history as a key location for maritime trade. During the Age of Discovery, the Musandam Peninsula (now part of Oman), which juts out into the strait, was under Portuguese rule, and at the end of the 19th century it became a British protectorate. Since the discovery of oil fields in the Gulf region in the early 20th century, it has become an internationally important strategic point for oil, being the only sea route for export. Currently, about 17 million barrels pass through the Strait of Hormuz every day (as of 2011). This is equivalent to about 30-40% of the crude oil transported to the world, and the Strait of Hormuz is also known as "Tanker Ginza." About 80% of Japan's total crude oil imports also pass through the strait, making it the "carotid artery" of the Japanese economy.
Therefore, any emergency here would directly lead to higher crude oil prices and destabilization of the global economy. One concern is terrorist attacks by Islamic extremists. In July 2010, a tanker operated by Japan's Mitsui OSK Lines suffered damage to its hull when a suspicious ship approached. Unlike the incident off the coast of Somalia at the exit of the Red Sea, few believe this was an attack by pirates, and a few days later, an organization claiming to be affiliated with Al-Qaeda claimed responsibility for the attack, claiming to have "carried out a suicide bombing" (the cause has not been identified).
Another concern is the actions of Iran, which holds the supply route. After the White Revolution (Islamic Revolution), Western countries, which are in conflict with Iran, have been nervous about regional stability. In fact, during the Iran-Iraq War (1980-89), ships passing through the strait were targeted in attacks, with over a dozen tankers being hit. Iran remained neutral during the Gulf War (1990-91), but the route was closed for a while. And in recent years, tensions have risen again. Western countries, which have been imposing economic sanctions on Iran since 2006 due to suspicions of nuclear weapons, have further strengthened their sanctions. In January 2012, when the European Union (EU) decided to ban the import of Iranian crude oil, Iran stepped up its counter-attack and hinted at closing the Strait of Hormuz.

(Hideki Osako, Freelance Editor / 2012)

Source : "Chiezo" published by Asahi Shimbun Publications Co., Ltd. About Chiezo

Japanese:
産油国が臨むペルシャ湾とインド洋に通じるアラビア海を結ぶ海峡。オルムズ海峡ともいう。イラン側のバンダル・アッバースとアラビア半島側のアル・ハッサブ(オマーン領)との海峡幅は約40キロメートル。ケシュム島やホルムズ島(いずれもイラン領)が浮かび、それらの間に航行用のレーンが設けられている。
海上貿易の要地としての歴史は古い。大航海時代、海峡に突き出るムサンダム半島(現オマーン領)はポルトガルの支配を受け、更に19世紀末にはイギリスの保護領となった。20世紀初頭、湾岸地域で油田が発見されてからは、海上では唯一の搬出路として、石油戦略上の国際的要衝となっている。現在、1日当たり約1700万バレルが通過(2011年)。これは世界に輸送される原油の約3~4割に相当し、ホルムズ海峡は「タンカー銀座」などとも呼ばれる。また、日本の原油も総輸入量の約8割が通過しており、同海峡は日本経済の「頸動脈(けいどうみゃく)」にもなっている。
従って、ここでの有事は原油価格の上昇及び世界経済の不安定化に直結する。不安の一つは、イスラム過激派によるテロ攻撃である。10年7月、日本の商船三井のタンカーが不審船の接近によって船体に損傷を受けた。紅海の出口ソマリア沖とは違い、海賊船による攻撃との見方は少なく、数日後、アルカイダ系を名乗る組織が「自爆攻撃を行った」との犯行声明を出している(原因は特定されていない)。
もう一つの不安は、供給ルートを握るイランの動向である。白色革命(イスラム革命)後、イランと対立する欧米諸国は、地域の安定に神経をとがらせてきた。実際、イラン・イラク戦争(1980~89年)の際、海峡を通る船舶は攻撃の対象となり、タンカー十数隻が被弾している。湾岸戦争(1990~91年)でも、イランは中立を保ったものの、しばらくの間、航路は閉ざされた。そして近年、再び緊張が高まっている。2006年以来、核疑惑でイランへの経済制裁を続けてきた欧米諸国が更に制裁を強化。12年1月、欧州連合(EU)がイラン産原油の輸入禁止を決定すると、イランは対抗姿勢を強め、ホルムズ海峡の封鎖をほのめかしている。

(大迫秀樹  フリー編集者 / 2012年)

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