Bordeaux - Bordeaux (English spelling)

Japanese: ボルドー - ぼるどー(英語表記)Bordeaux
Bordeaux - Bordeaux (English spelling)

The capital of the Gironde department in southwestern France. It is located 98 km upstream from the mouth of the Garonne River, which flows into the Atlantic Ocean. It has a population of 215,363 (1999). It is a key road and rail hub connecting the north of the country, Spain, and the Mediterranean Sea, and is also connected to the Mediterranean Sea by the Canal du Midi. It is a port city with a river port, and handles a large amount of cargo, but not as much as Marseille or Le Havre. Its main export is Bordeaux wine produced in the surrounding area, and it imports a large amount of raw materials such as petroleum, iron ore, coal, and phosphate ore. Its industries include wine-related industries such as the manufacture of bottles, barrels, corks, and wooden frames, as well as steel and chemical industries that process imported raw materials, and it exports petroleum products. It also has food industries such as sugar refining, and shipbuilding. The city's main buildings are the Cathedral of Saint-André (13th-14th century), the archbishop's church boasting Gothic sculptures, the 15th century bell tower of Pée-Berlin, the 18th century Grand Théâtre, the 15th century Church of Saint-Michel with its 110-meter bell tower, and the 12th century Church of Saint-Croix. It is the birthplace of the thinker Montesquieu and the moralist Montaigne, and statues of both are located in the city's main square, and the latter's tomb is located on the campus of the University of Bordeaux, which was founded in 1441.

[Nobuyoshi Aoki]

history

It was already a port city for Celtic merchants in Roman times, but from the 8th to the 12th century it became the capital of the Kingdom of Aquitaine, the Duchy of Gascony, and the Duchy of Aquitaine. In 1152, it came under British rule when Eleanor of Aquitaine, Duchess of Aquitaine, remarried Henry, Count of Anjou, who would later become King of England, and was absorbed into France at the end of the Hundred Years' War in 1453. The surrounding area has been a major wine producing region since Roman times, and in the 13th century it prospered as a major wine export port to England and Spain, and Bordeaux merchants were even granted the status of London citizens by the King of England. The city's wealth also led to the Archbishop of Bordeaux being made Pope (Pope Clement V). During the Hundred Years' War, it was temporarily the court of Edward the Black Prince of England, and construction of buildings such as the Cathedral of Saint-André was carried out. In the 18th century, when colonial management began, the shipbuilding industry developed and the city prospered through triangular trade with the Antilles, Senegal, and Guinea, with wine and sugar as its main products. During the French Revolution, it was the base of the Girondists, and suffered brutal suppression in the anti-National Convention riots of June 1793. Then, due to the Continental Blockade, the port was destroyed and the population was halved. In 1871, after the Prussian-French War, the National Assembly was held here, and during both the First and Second World Wars, the government was temporarily moved here.

[Tsukasa Ishihara]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランス南西部、ジロンド県の県都。大西洋に注ぐガロンヌ川に沿い、河口から98キロメートル上流に位置する。人口21万5363(1999)。国内北部、スペイン、地中海方面を結節する道路、鉄道交通の要衝で、地中海とはミディ運河によっても結ばれる。河港を有する港湾都市で、貨物取扱量は多いが、マルセイユ、ル・アーブルなどには及ばない。輸出の中心は周辺で生産されるボルドーワインで、輸入は石油、鉄鉱石、石炭、燐(りん)鉱石などの原材料が多い。産業は瓶、樽(たる)、コルク、木枠の製造などワイン関連産業と、輸入原材料を加工する製鉄、化学などの工業が発達し、石油製品は輸出している。ほかに製糖などの食品工業や造船業も行われる。市内の主要建造物は、大司教座教会でゴシック様式の彫刻群を誇るサンタンドレ大聖堂(13~14世紀)、15世紀の鐘楼ペー・ベルラン、18世紀の劇場グラン・テアトル、110メートルの鐘塔をもつ15世紀のサン・ミシェル教会、12世紀のサント・クロア教会などである。思想家モンテスキュー、モラリストのモンテーニュの出身地で、2人の像が市内の大広場にあり、1441年創建のボルドー大学構内に後者の墓がある。

[青木伸好]

歴史

ローマ時代すでにケルト人商人の港市であったが、8世紀より12世紀にかけてアキテーヌ王国、ガスコーニュ公国、アキテーヌ公国の首都となり、1152年よりアキテーヌ公女(アリエノール・ダキテーヌ)が、イギリス王となるアンジュー伯アンリと再婚したためイギリスの支配下に入り、1453年百年戦争の終結とともにフランスに吸収された。周辺地域はローマ時代からワインの大生産地であり、13世紀にはイギリス、スペインへのワインの大輸出港として繁栄し、ボルドー商人たちはイギリス王からロンドン市民の身分を与えられたほどであった。またその財力をもってボルドー大司教を教皇位につけた(クレメンス5世)こともある。百年戦争下に一時イギリスのエドワード(黒太子)の宮廷が置かれ、サンタンドレ大聖堂などの建築が行われた。18世紀に入り、植民地経営が開始されると造船業が発展し、ワイン、砂糖などを主商品とするアンティル諸島、セネガル・ギニアとの三角貿易によって大いに繁栄をみた。フランス革命当時はジロンド派の根拠地となり、1793年6月の反国民公会暴動では酸鼻な大弾圧を受けている。ついで大陸封鎖により、港が破壊され、人口半減の苦境にもたたされた。プロイセン・フランス戦争後の1871年ここに国民議会が開かれ、第一次、第二次の両世界大戦に際しては一時政府がこの地に移されたこともある。

[石原 司]

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