Vault (English)

Japanese: ボールト(英語表記)vault
Vault (English)
Architectural term. A general term for curved ceilings based on arches. The most basic form is a tunnel-like shape called a barrel vault. These are known to have existed in ancient Mesopotamia, ancient Egypt, and ancient Greece, but they were only built on a very small scale in warehouses, sewers, and tomb entrances. Full-scale development did not occur until ancient Rome, when the Romans took the barrel vault technology they learned from the Etruscans a step further and invented the cross vault, in which two barrel vaults cross at right angles. This appeared in the public baths of Pompeii and the Basilica of Constantine in Rome, and was used in the Golden Palace of Nero and the Great Baths of Emperor Trajan. Here, a kind of shell structure was formed, and the weight of the ceiling was supported by the four corners, making it possible to create a larger space without columns. Gothic cathedral architecture adopted rib vaults, which reinforced the ridges of cross vaults with thick rib-like arches, eliminating the need for intermediate walls and resulting in the creation of Gothic architecture's characteristics such as large windows and high ceilings. In particular, Gothic architecture in England produced star vaults, fan vaults, and reticulated vaults, which are particularly decorative. Stalactite vaults are a unique style not only in English cathedral architecture, but also in Islamic mosque architecture.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
建築用語。アーチを基本にした曲面天井の総称。最も基本的な形はトンネル状のもので,筒形ボールトと呼ばれる。これらは古代メソポタミア,古代エジプト,古代ギリシアなどに存在したことが知られるが,倉庫や下水道や墓廟の入口などにごく小規模に造られたにすぎない。本格的な発展は,古代ローマにいたってからで,ローマ人はエトルリア人から学んだ筒形ボールトの技術を一歩進め,2つの筒形ボールトを直角に交差させる交差ボールトを発明した。これはポンペイの公共浴場,ローマのコンスタンチヌスのバシリカなどに現れ,ネロの黄金宮殿やトラヤヌス帝の大浴場などに用いられている。ここでは一種の殻構造が形成され,天井の重量が4つの隅部で支えられるがゆえに,より広い柱なしの空間をつくることが可能になった。ゴシックの聖堂建築は,交差ボールトの稜線部を肋骨状の太いアーチによって補強したリブ・ボールトを採用,中間の壁体が不要となり,大きな窓や天高く伸びる構造など,ゴシック建築の特徴がこれによって生れた。特にイギリスのゴシック建築においては,星状ボールト,扇形ボールト,網状ボールトなどが生み出され,とりわけ装飾的な構成をみせている。また鐘乳石状ボールトはイギリスの聖堂建築のみならず,イスラムのモスク建築においても独特の様式を形成している。

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