Porto (English spelling)

Japanese: ポルト - ぽると(英語表記)Porto
Porto (English spelling)

Oporto is the central city of the Douro Littoral region in northwestern Portugal, and the second largest city in the country after the capital Lisbon. It has a population of 262,928 (2001). Its English name is Oporto. Located at the mouth of the Douro River, it is world-famous as a shipping port for port wine produced in the downstream basin of the river. The city developed on the north bank of the river, but it is connected to Vila Nova de Gaia (population 69,167, 2001) on the south bank by the two-story iron bridge Dom Luís I Bridge, two bridges built by Eiffel and his disciples in the 19th century, and one new bridge. Wine blending and storage are mainly carried out in this town on the south bank. About one-third of the population works in wine-related industries, and Oporto is similar to Bordeaux in France in that it has strong ties with wine towns, especially with the UK. Due to the narrow width of the Douro River and the accumulation of sediment, the artificial port of Porto de Leixões facing the Atlantic Ocean was constructed from the end of the 19th century and expanded in 1932. There is an industrial area around the port, where textile, metal, rubber industries, as well as petrochemical plants are located.

Old houses are densely packed on the slopes along the Douro River, and narrow cobblestone streets weave between them. The cathedral was built in the 12th century and was repeatedly expanded and remodeled until the 18th century, mixing Romanesque and Baroque styles. The Clérigos Tower was built in the 18th century and is 75 meters high, making it a popular landmark for sailors. There are also many Gothic and Romanesque churches and buildings. There are also cultural facilities such as the Soares dos Reis National Museum, which houses paintings, sculptures, and ceramics from the 16th century onwards, the Museum of History and Ethnography, and the University of Porto (founded in 1911). In 1996, this historic area was registered as a World Heritage Site (World Cultural Heritage) as the Historic Area of ​​Oporto.

[Yutaka Tanabe and Kyohei Shibata]

history

In Roman times, it was known as Portus Cale (Port of Cale), and the name of Portugal is derived from this city. During the Suebi period, it was an important city along with the kingdom's capital, Braga. It had been under the control of Islamic forces since the beginning of the 8th century, but was restored to Christianity in 868. After Portugal gained independence (1143), a long struggle continued between the royal authority and the Bishop of Porto over control of the city, but when King João I ascended to the throne (1385), Porto played a decisive role along with Lisbon, so many privileges were granted to its citizens and nobles were prohibited from living in the city. However, Porto did not develop in earnest until the end of the 17th century, when the export of port wine to England began to flourish. The population, which was only about 10,000 around 1500, finally exceeded 20,000 at this time. Furthermore, in the second half of the 18th century, Porto was strongly protected by the Marquis of Pombal, and port wine was exported from Vila Nova de Gaia to various European countries.

[Kinshichi Norio]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ポルトガル北西部、ドーロ・リトラル地方の中心都市で、首都リスボンに次ぐ同国第二の都市。人口26万2928(2001)。英語名オポルトOporto。ドーロ川の河口に位置し、同川下流域でつくられるポートワインの積出し港として世界的に有名。市街は河口北岸に発達するが、二階建て構造の鉄橋ドン・ルイス1世橋をはじめ、19世紀にエッフェルやその弟子たちのつくった二つの橋と新しい一つの橋により、南岸の町ビラ・ノバ・デ・ガイアVila Nova de Gaia(人口6万9167、2001)と結ばれる。ワインのブレンドおよび貯蔵はおもにこの南岸の町で行われる。人口の約3分の1はワイン関連産業で働いており、ワインの町、それもことにイギリスとの結び付きが強い点ではフランスのボルドーに似る。ドーロ川の川幅が狭く、また土砂の堆積(たいせき)が進んだため、大西洋に臨む人工港湾レイションイス港Porto de Leixõesが19世紀末から築造され、1932年に拡張された。このレイションイス港周辺に工場地帯があり、繊維、金属、ゴムの諸工業ならびに石油化学プラントが立地している。

 ドーロ川沿いの斜面には古い家屋が密集し、石畳の細い坂道が間を縫う。大聖堂は12世紀創建、18世紀まで増改築が繰り返され、ロマネスク、バロックの様式が混合する。クレリゴスの塔は18世紀建造、高さ75メートルで、船乗りの好目標となっている。ほかにゴシック、ロマネスクの教会や教会堂は数多い。16世紀以来の絵画、彫刻、陶器類を収蔵するソアレス・ドス・レイス国立博物館、歴史民族学博物館、ポルト大学(1911創立)などの文化施設が整っている。1996年この歴史地区がオポルトの歴史地区として世界遺産の文化遺産(世界文化遺産)に登録されている。

[田辺 裕・柴田匡平]

歴史

ローマ時代にはポルトゥス・カレPortus Cale(カレの港)として知られ、ポルトガル国名はこの都市に由来する。スエビ王国時代には王国首都ブラガと並ぶ重要な都市であった。8世紀初頭以来イスラム勢力の支配下にあったが、868年キリスト教徒に回復された。ポルトガル独立(1143)後、その支配権をめぐって王権とポルト司教との間に長い闘争が続いたが、ジョアン1世の即位(1385)に際してポルトはリスボンと並んで決定的な役割を果たしたため市民に多くの特権が付与され、貴族は市内での居住が禁じられた。しかし、ポルトが本格的に発展するのは、17世紀末イギリスへのポートワイン輸出が盛んになり始めてからのことである。1500年ごろ約1万にすぎなかった人口もこのころようやく2万を超えた。さらに、18世紀後半にはポンバル侯によって強力に保護され、ポートワインはビラ・ノバ・デ・ガイアからヨーロッパ各国に輸出された。

[金七紀男]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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