Equality under the law

Japanese: 法の下の平等 - ほうのもとのびょうどう(英語表記)equality under the law
Equality under the law

Based on the idea that all people are born equal, this principle refers to the abolition of inequality derived from feudal class systems. The American Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man proclaimed equality along with human freedom, and equality under the law became one of the basic principles of modern constitutions. It is also called "equality before the law" (égalité devant la loi) (French). However, it is practically impossible and unreasonable to treat everyone equally in every aspect. The question then becomes what kind of inequality should be recognized and what kind of inequality should be rejected, but this differs depending on the society and culture. Therefore, although the constitutions of most countries advocate equality as an ideal, the content is not the same.

In Japan, the Meiji Constitution (Constitution of the Empire of Japan) only guaranteed equal rights for Japanese subjects to hold public office, but the Constitution of Japan generally declares "equality under the law" (Article 14), and further stipulates the abolition of the peerage system and the essential equality of the sexes. In accordance with this intent, the National Public Service Act, the Local Public Service Act, the Fundamental Act of Education, etc., stipulate the prohibition of discriminatory treatment. However, since the intent is not to prohibit reasonable discrimination, for example, preferential treatment for women in terms of working hours and other working conditions is stipulated (Articles 64-2 to 68 of the Labor Standards Act).

Major court cases that contested equality under the law included one that argued that Article 200 of the Penal Code (deleted in 1995), which punishes the murder of an ascendant more severely than ordinary murder, was unconstitutional (lawsuit for unconstitutionality of the provision for severe punishment for the murder of an ascendant), and another that argued that the ratio of the number of seats in each electoral district (the House of Councillors was formerly a regional district) to the number of voters in the electoral district was too disparate between the largest and smallest electoral districts, and therefore violated equality of suffrage (lawsuit for disproportionate number of seats). In the former case, the Supreme Court initially ruled that the provision was constitutional (1950), but later changed its ruling to unconstitutional (1973). The provision on the murder of an ascendant was subsequently deleted in a partial revision of the Penal Code in 1995 (Heisei 7). Regarding the latter, the Supreme Court has maintained its stance that the local constituencies for the House of Councillors are constitutional, but in 1976 (Showa 51), it ruled that the entire old House of Representatives apportionment rules were unconstitutional, and in 1985, it also ruled that the disparity in the apportionment rules at that time was unconstitutional (although it did not invalidate the elections). As a result, the apportionment rules were revised immediately before the general election the following year, 1986.

[Masaaki Ikeda]

[References] | Declaration of Independence | Lawsuit on Unbalanced Number of Representatives | Declaration of Human Rights | Parricide | Constitution of the Empire of Japan | Constitution of Japan | Equality

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

人は生まれながらにして平等であるという思想に基づき、封建的な身分制に由来する不平等を廃止するという原則をさす。アメリカ独立宣言、フランスの人権宣言が人間の自由とともに平等を宣言し、法の下の平等は近代憲法の基本原則の一つとなった。「法の前の平等」égalité devant la loi(フランス語)ともいう。しかし、すべての人をあらゆる面で平等に扱うことは実際上不可能であるし、また合理的ではない。そこで、どんな不平等を認め、どのような不平等を排斥するかが問題となるが、それは社会や文化によって異なる。したがって、ほとんどの国の憲法が等しく平等を理念として掲げているが、その内容は同じではない。

 日本の場合、明治憲法(大日本帝国憲法)では日本臣民の平等な公務就任権を保障するだけであったが、日本国憲法では一般的に「法の下の平等」を宣言し(14条)、さらに華族制度の廃止と両性の本質的平等を定めた。この趣旨を受けて、国家公務員法、地方公務員法、教育基本法などに差別待遇の禁止が規定されている。しかし、合理的な差別まで禁止する趣旨ではないから、たとえば労働時間など労働条件については女子を優遇すること(労働基準法64条の2~68条)などが定められている。

 法の下の平等に反するとして争われた大きな裁判事件には、尊属殺人を普通殺人より重く罰する刑法第200条(1995年削除)の規定を違憲と主張するもの(尊属殺重罰規定違憲訴訟)、および衆参両議院について各選挙区(参議院はかつての地方区)の議員定数の当該選挙区における選挙人数に対する割合が最大と最小の選挙区において格差がありすぎるから選挙権の平等に反すると主張するもの(議員定数不均衡訴訟)がある。前者の事件について最高裁判所は、当初は合憲と判示したが(1950)、のち変更して違憲とした(1973)。その後、1995年(平成7)の刑法一部改正によって尊属殺人に関する条文は削除された。後者について最高裁判所は、参議院地方区については合憲の姿勢を崩していないが、衆議院については1976年(昭和51)に旧定数配分規定全体を違憲とし、さらに85年には格差は当時の定数配分規定をも違憲であるとした(ただし選挙は無効としない)。このため、翌86年の総選挙直前に定数配分規定は改正された。

[池田政章]

[参照項目] | アメリカ独立宣言 | 議員定数不均衡訴訟 | 人権宣言 | 尊属殺人 | 大日本帝国憲法 | 日本国憲法 | 平等

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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