Hozoin School

One of the main schools of early modern spearmanship. Its main principle is the cross-shaped kamayari, so it is more correctly called Kama Hozoin spearmanship. Its founder was Kakuzenbo Hoin In'ei (1521-1607), the head priest of Hozoin, a sub-temple of Kofuku-ji Temple in Nara. Tanehide was the second son of Nakamikado Tajima Tanehide, a monk of Kofuku-ji Temple. He had a fondness for sword and spear techniques since he was a young monk known as a wakakachishu, and was well-known in Nara. In 1563 (Eiroku 6), he received a visit from Kamiizumi Ise no Kami Hidetsuna, who taught him the Shinkage-ryu martial arts together with Yagyu Sekishusai Muneyoshi. He also learned spear techniques from Ōnishiki Shunken in the style of Katori Shinto-ryu spearmanship. With the help of his friends Yagyu Muneyoshi and Anazawa Jōken, he added his own unique ideas to the use of the Jumonji Kamayari, and eventually completed the 15 forms of the Omote shogunate. The sickle spear, which is 4-5 sun (about 12-15 cm) long, is used as a shield to hold back the tip of the opponent's spear, or to stop it by using a crown or a throwing technique, and compared to the plain spear or the tube spear, it has many variations in technique and has become widely used as a versatile and advantageous spear. In his final years, Tanehide decided that it was not his intention to play around with martial arts while staying in the Buddhist priesthood, and so forbade 19-year-old Inshun, who had decided to become his successor, from learning martial arts in the Imperial Court, and gave all of his weapons to his senior disciple, Nakamura Ichiemon Naomasa. Naomasa later served Matsudaira Tadamasa in Echizen, and had his renowned skills inspected by Shogun Iemitsu three times (the founder of the Nakamura school). Takada Matabei Yoshitsugu, a disciple of Naomasa, also enjoyed the reputation of a master, and invented the 15 rules of Tomoe (the founder of the Takada school). On the other hand, the second Zen'eibo Inshun also violated his master's prohibition and asked the surviving disciple of Inshun, an old monk at Okuzo-in, to dedicate himself to training in spearmanship, and he established a system of transmission by adding his own ideas and formulating the 11 rules of Ura. The famous disciples of Inshun were Shimoishi Heiemon Mitsumasa (the founder of the Shimoishi school), who served Matsudaira Naonori in Shirakawa, Oshu, and Isono Shumenobumoto (the founder of the Shuba school), who served the Hosokawa family in Kumamoto, Higo Province. After that, the successive head priests, including the 3rd head priest Kakushunbo Inasei, the 4th head priest Kakusanbo Inpu, and the 5th head priest Joshokubo Inken, worked hard to develop the tradition, and as a result, their descendants spread throughout the country. These schools included the Nagao school of Nagao Ichinyu Sukemasa, a disciple of Inasei who established a presence in Edo, the Ino school of Ino Soemon Yoshitsune, a disciple of the 4th head priest Inpu, the Tabikawa school of Tabikawa Yaemon Masatsugu, and the Anegawa school of Anegawa Chuemon Yasutomo.

[Ichiro Watanabe]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

近世槍術(そうじゅつ)の主要流派の一つ。十文字鎌槍(かまやり)を本旨としたので、正しくは鎌(かま)宝蔵院槍術という。流祖は奈良・興福寺の塔頭(たっちゅう)宝蔵院の院主、覚禅房法印胤栄(かくぜんぼうほういんいんえい)（1521―1607）。胤栄は、興福寺の衆徒、中御門但馬(なかみかどたじま)胤永の次子で、若徒衆(わかかちしゅう)とよばれた青年僧のころから刀槍の術を好み、南都にその人ありと知られ、1563年（永禄6）上泉伊勢守秀綱(かみいずみいせのかみひでつな)の来遊を受け、柳生石舟斎宗厳(やぎゅうせきしゅうさいむねよし)とともに新陰(しんかげ)流兵法を伝授され、また香取神道(かとりしんとう)流系の槍術を大西木春軒(おおにしきしゅんけん)から相伝し、また親交のあった柳生宗厳や穴沢浄見らの協力を得て、十文字鎌槍の操法に独自のくふうを加え、ついに表15か条の形を完成したという。鎌槍は4～5寸（約12～15センチメートル）の鎌を身の盾とし、相手の繰り出す槍先を抑え、あるいは冠(かぶ)り止(ど)め、払い捨て巻落しなど、素槍や管槍(くだやり)に比べて技法上変化に富み、多彩かつ有利な槍として広く用いられるようになった。胤栄は末年、仏門にあって武事をもてあそぶことを本意にあらずとして、後住と決めた19歳の胤舜(いんしゅん)に院中において武芸を習うことを禁じ、すべての武具を高弟の中村市右衛門尚政(なおまさ)に与えたという。尚政はのち越前(えちぜん)の松平忠昌(ただまさ)に仕え、その名技を将軍家光(いえみつ)の台覧すること三度に及んだ（中村派の祖）。尚政の弟子高田又兵衛吉次(またべえよしつぐ)もまた名人の名をほしいままにし、巴(ともえ)の術15か条を発明した（高田派の祖）。一方、2世の禅栄房(ぜんえいぼう)胤舜も師父の禁を冒して、胤栄の遺弟奥蔵院(おうぞういん)の老僧に請うて槍術の修行に専念し、自己のくふうを加えて裏11か条の形を定め、伝授の体系を確立した。胤舜の門弟としては、奥州白河の松平直矩(なおのり)に仕えた下石平右衛門三正(おろしへいえもんみつまさ)（下石派の祖）と、肥後国熊本の細川家に仕えた礒野主馬信元(いそのしゅめのぶもと)（主馬派の祖）が有名であった。以後、3世覚舜房(かくしゅんぼう)胤清、4世覚山房胤風(かくさんぼういんぷう)、5世乗織房胤憲(じょうしょくぼういんけん)ら歴代の院主は道統の発展に努めた結果、その末流は全国に広がった。胤清の弟子で江戸で門戸を張った長尾一入資政(ながおいちにゅうすけまさ)の長尾派、4代胤風の弟子竹村(たけむら)八郎兵衛の高弟伊能宗右衛門由常(いのうそうえもんよしつね)の伊能派、旅川弥右衛門政羽(たびかわやえもんまさつぐ)の旅川流、姉川忠右衛門安知(あねがわちゅうえもんやすとも)の姉川流などがこれである。

［渡邉一郎］

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