Hydatidiform Mole

Japanese: 胞状奇胎 - ほうじょうきたい(英語表記)Hydatidiform Mole
Hydatidiform Mole
◎ Abnormal proliferation of the villi that make up the placenta
[What kind of disease is it?]
Diseases caused by abnormalities in the trophoblastic cells that form the placenta are collectively called trophoblastic diseases, and include three types: hydatidiform mole (molar pregnancy), choriocarcinoma ("choriocarcinoma"), and persistent trophoblastic disease (column "persistent trophoblastic disease"). However, here we will focus on hydatidiform mole.
Hydatidiform mole is a disease in which the villi that make up the placenta swell to 2 mm or more (edematous change) and resemble a bunch of white grapes.
When all of the villi have become molar (edematous changes), it is called a complete hydatidiform mole (complete mole), when only a portion of them have become molar, it is called a partial hydatidiform mole (partial mole), and when the molarized villi have invaded the uterine muscle layer, it is called an invasive hydatidiform mole (invasive mole).
In a complete mole, there is no fetus in the uterus, but in a partial mole, the fetus may develop normally.
Except for some invasive moles, moles themselves are not serious diseases, but they are prone to developing choriocarcinoma (except partial moles), so strict management is required after mole treatment. The rate of invasive moles occurring after mole treatment is 8-10%.
Hydatidiform mole is a disease that is common in Asia (three to four times more common than in Europe and the United States), and in Japan, it occurs in one of every 350 to 500 births, a rate that has hardly changed from the past. The frequency of invasive mole has also not changed. The rate of recurrent molar pregnancy is 1 to 2%.
[Symptoms]
Because hydatidiform mole is an abnormality in the fertilized egg, the first prerequisite is that the patient is already pregnant.
In 70% of cases, hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) levels are higher than in normal pregnancies.
Characteristic symptoms include uterine bleeding in early pregnancy, a large uterus compared to the number of weeks of pregnancy, and severe morning sickness.
In addition, approximately 20% of invasive moles can metastasize to the lungs or other organs, and due to the specific symptoms experienced in that area, they may be discovered by departments other than obstetrics and gynecology.
[Cause]
The cause of total mole is an abnormality in the fertilized egg (androgenesis). The incidence rate is higher in older women over 40 years old, and in younger women under 20 years old, who are more likely to have abnormal eggs.
[Testing and diagnosis]
Even before the above symptoms appear, the condition can be diagnosed if chorionic hydrops is seen during an ultrasound examination in early pregnancy.
Recently, if the fetus is not visible by 8 to 9 weeks of pregnancy, it is treated as a miscarriage, so mole is being diagnosed earlier.
Invasive mole is diagnosed using the "choriocarcinoma diagnostic score" when hCG is detectable for a long period of time after the preceding pregnancy (the previous pregnancy, usually a mole) has ended.
[Treatment]
Uterine curettage (surgery to remove the contents of the uterus) is performed twice, about one week apart. In elderly women, the uterus may be removed.
After the mole is expelled, it is necessary to closely monitor whether choriocarcinoma has developed. In the case of invasive mole, surgery and chemotherapy with anticancer drugs are the basic treatment.
Prevention and management The occurrence of hydatidiform mole cannot be prevented. However, the occurrence of choriocarcinoma or invasive mole can be detected early through regular observation and management. For this reason, management after mole treatment is important. Approximately 90% of invasive moles occur following total or partial moles.
After mole treatment, new pregnancies are possible if hCG is no longer detectable, basal body temperature has returned to biphasic status, and two or three normal menstrual cycles have occurred.
However, since choriocarcinoma can occur more than 10 years after mole treatment, it is important to have regular checkups.

Source: Shogakukan Home Medical Library Information

Japanese:
◎胎盤(たいばん)を構成する絨毛(じゅうもう)の異常増殖
[どんな病気か]
 胎盤を形成する絨毛細胞の異常によっておこる病気を総称して、絨毛性疾患といい、胞状奇胎(奇胎)、絨毛がん(「絨毛がん」)、存続絨毛症(そんぞくじゅうもうしょう)(コラム「存続絨毛症」)の3つが含まれますが、ここでは、胞状奇胎を中心に解説します。
 胞状奇胎は、胎盤を構成する絨毛が2mm以上にふくらみ(水腫状(すいしゅじょう)変化)、白いぶどうの房(ふさ)のようになる病気です。
 絨毛の全部が奇胎化(水腫状変化)したものを全胞状奇胎(ぜんほうじょうきたい)(全奇胎(ぜんきたい))、部分的に奇胎化したものを部分胞状奇胎(ぶぶんほうじょうきたい)(部分奇胎(ぶぶんきたい))、奇胎化した絨毛が子宮筋肉層の中に侵入したものを侵入胞状奇胎(しんにゅうほうじょうきたい)(侵入奇胎(しんにゅうきたい))といいます。
 全奇胎では、子宮内に胎児は存在しませんが、部分奇胎では、胎児が異常なく育つことがあります。
 侵入奇胎の一部を除き、奇胎自体は悪い病気ではありませんが、絨毛がんが発生しやすいので(部分奇胎を除く)、奇胎治療後、厳重な管理が必要です。奇胎治療後に侵入奇胎が発生する率は8~10%です。
 胞状奇胎はアジア地域に多い病気で(欧米の3~4倍)、日本でも分娩(ぶんべん)350~500回に対して1回の割合で発生し、発生数は以前とほとんど変わっていません。また、侵入奇胎の頻度も変わっていません。奇胎妊娠をくり返す率は1~2%です。
[症状]
 胞状奇胎は受精卵の異常であるため、まず妊娠していることが前提となります。
 70%の症例でhCG(ヒト絨毛性ゴナドトロピン)の値が、正常妊娠よりも高くなります。
 特徴的な症状としては、妊娠初期の子宮出血、妊娠週数に比べて子宮が大きい、強いつわりなどがあります。
 また、侵入奇胎の約20%は、肺などへの転移をおこすことがあり、その部位での特有な症状から、産婦人科以外の科で気づかれることもあります。
[原因]
 全奇胎の原因は、受精卵の異常(雄核発生(ゆうかくはっせい))です。異常卵子ができる可能性の大きい40歳以上の高齢妊娠、あるいは20歳以下の若年妊娠では、妊娠数に対する発生率が高くなります。
[検査と診断]
 前記の症状が現われる前でも、妊娠初期の超音波検査で、絨毛の水腫状態がみられれば診断できます。
 最近は、妊娠8~9週になっても胎児が見えない場合には、流産として処置されるので、奇胎の診断時期も早くなっています。
 侵入奇胎は、先行妊娠(直前の妊娠をいい、多くは奇胎)の終わった後で、hCGが長期にわたって検出されるときに、「絨毛がん診断スコア」で診断されます。
[治療]
 子宮内容掻爬術(しきゅうないようそうはじゅつ)(子宮の内容物を除去する手術)を、約1週間ほどの間隔で2回行ないます。高齢者の場合は、子宮を摘出することもあります。
 奇胎を排出した後は、絨毛がんが発生していないか、厳重に管理する必要があります。侵入奇胎の場合は、手術療法と抗がん剤による化学療法が基本になります。
●予防と管理
 胞状奇胎の発生は予防できません。しかし、絨毛がんあるいは侵入奇胎の発生は、定期的な観察・管理によって早期に発見することができます。そのためにも、奇胎治療後の管理がたいせつです。侵入奇胎の約90%は、全奇胎および部分奇胎に続いて発生しています。
 奇胎治療後の妊娠は、hCGが検出されなくなり、基礎体温が二相性を回復し、正常な月経周期を2、3回確認できれば、新たに妊娠してもさしつかえありません。
 しかし、奇胎治療後10年以上たってから絨毛がんが発生することもあるので、定期検診は必ず受ける必要があります。

出典 小学館家庭医学館について 情報

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