The establishment of wide-area administrative units to handle common administrative issues that extend beyond the boundaries of existing local governments and states. In the case of Japan, this would mean administration that should be carried out on a wider scale, beyond the traditional fixed administrative boundaries of cities, towns, villages, and prefectures. The demand for wide-area administration arises as one of the administrative responses to the expansion of the scope of economic activity and people's social activities beyond existing administrative boundaries as the economy develops. In Japan's case, during World War II, there was a call for the abolition of prefectures and reorganization of the country into blocks in order to meet the needs of wartime administration. After World War II, the reform of the prefectural system, in which governors were elected by the people, was proposed as abolishing prefectures, dividing the country into seven to nine blocks to create "regions," and appointing their leaders by the national government (proposed by the Local Government System Research Council in 1957). In the 1960s, in order to advance regional development policies, city mergers and prefecture mergers in the Kinki and Tokai regions were advocated by business circles, with the aim of strengthening the financial capabilities of local governments and resolving conflicts of interest between related local governments. After that, a movement emerged to reorganize local governments on a wide scale to deal with the overcrowding and depopulation problems brought about by rapid economic growth, and in depopulated areas, the idea of wide-area municipal zones was put forward to allow small and medium-sized regional cities and the municipalities within their living areas to jointly develop public facilities in a planned manner, and all 329 zones nationwide (about 90% of the nation's municipalities) were designated in the four years from 1969 to 1972 (Showa 44 to 47). Legally, they take the form of associations of local public entities (Local Autonomy Law, Articles 284, Paragraphs 1-3 and 285) and local development corporations (Articles 298-319). Well-known examples from other countries include the TVA in the United States, the creation of regional units for economic planning in the UK (1965), and the creation of the Legion in France (1964). Regional administration makes it difficult for residents to self-govern and participate, and there is a risk that it will lead to a more centralized bureaucratic system, so appropriate measures against this are necessary. [Taguchi Fukuji] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
既存の地方自治体や州などの境界を越えて広がる、共通の行政課題を処理するために、広域の行政単位を設けて行政を行うこと。日本の場合に即していえば、従来の固定的な市町村や都府県の行政区域を越えて、より広域的に行われるべき行政ということになろう。広域行政への要請は、経済の発展に伴って、経済活動の範囲や人々の社会的活動が既存の行政区域を越えて広がっていくことに対する行政の対応の一つとして生じる。日本の場合には、第二次世界大戦中に、戦時行政の必要に対応するため、府県を廃止して全国をブロック単位に再編する道州制が主張されたことがある。 第二次大戦後になると、知事が公選となった府県の制度改革の方向として、府県の廃止、全国を7~9のブロックに分けての「地方」の設置、その長の国による任命案が提案された(1957年の地方制度調査会の提案)。1960年代になると、地域開発政策を進めるうえで、自治体の財政能力の強化、関係自治体間の利害対立の解消をねらいとして、都市合併の実施、近畿・東海などでの府県合併などが財界筋から提唱された。その後、経済の高度成長がもたらした過密・過疎問題に対処するため自治体を広域的に再編成する動きが現れ、過疎地域では、地方中小都市とその生活圏内の市町村が共同して計画的に公共施設を整備するため広域市町村圏の構想が打ち出され、1969~72年(昭和44~47)の4年間に全国で329の圏域全部(全国市町村の約90%)が指定を受けた。法律的には地方公共団体の組合(地方自治法284条1~3項・285条)および地方開発事業団(同298条~319条)の形態をとっている。外国の例としては、アメリカのTVA、イギリスでの経済計画のための広域単位の新設(1965)、フランスにおけるレジオンの設置(1964)などが有名。広域行政は住民の自治や参加を困難にし、より中央集権的官僚体制に進むおそれもあるので、それらに対する適切な対策が必要である。 [田口富久治] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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