Franz Boas

Japanese: ボアズ - ぼあず(英語表記)Franz Boas
Franz Boas

American cultural anthropologist. Based on his extensive research experience in the Far North and North America, he gave American cultural anthropology a direction as a comprehensive anthropology and made a great contribution by nurturing the next generation of leading anthropologists such as Kroeber and Benedict, and is therefore known as the father of American anthropology.

Born in Germany, he majored in physics and received his degree from the University of Kiel at the age of 23. He showed an early interest in ethnology and also studied geography, which led him to study the Arctic Eskimos at the age of 25, and three years later, the Kwakiutl, an indigenous group in British Columbia. Attracted by the free atmosphere of the United States he encountered during these visits, he became a naturalized American in 1887, and taught anthropology at Clark University in Massachusetts from 1889, and at Columbia University from 1896 until his retirement in 1936.

His research, which penetrated into the lives of the inhabitants and tried to penetrate into their inner thoughts, was unique for the time when armchair anthropologists were in the ascendancy, and preceded the full-scale field research of British social anthropologists such as Malinowski by a generation. Boas's extensive records, including many original language texts on the material culture, characteristics, language, society, religion, mythology, psychology, etc. of the indigenous people, supported his positivist and comprehensive anthropology. He was at times very interested in environmental determinism, the reconstruction of human evolutionary history, historical method, etc., but he distanced himself from them because, after comparing them with the facts, he realized that they could not fully explain the truth. What interested him most of all was the rich inner thoughts hidden behind the strange masks and elaborate decorations of the Kwakiutl, that is, the symbolic side of culture, which is connected to the theme of culture and the individual that he was interested in in his later years. He was also active in public education activities, especially in criticizing racism.

[Michio Suenari January 21, 2019]

[References] | Clover | Benedict

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アメリカの文化人類学者。極北や北米での豊富な調査体験をもとに、アメリカ文化人類学に総合人類学としての方向づけを与え、クローバー、ベネディクトら次代の第一線級の人類学者を育てるなど大きな貢献をしたので、アメリカ人類学の父と称されている。

 ドイツに生まれ、物理学を専攻、23歳のときキール大学で学位を得た。早くから民族学にも興味を示し、地理学をも学んだことがきっかけとなって、25歳のとき極地エスキモー、さらに3年後にはブリティッシュ・コロンビアの先住民集団クワキウトルの調査を行った。このおりに触れたアメリカ合衆国の自由な雰囲気にひかれ、1887年アメリカに帰化し、1889年からマサチューセッツのクラーク大学で、1896年から1936年の退官までコロンビア大学で人類学を教えた。

 彼の調査は、住民の間に入り込み、その思考の内面にまで及ぼうとするもので、いわゆる安楽椅子(いす)人類学者全盛の当時としてはユニークなもので、マリノフスキーらイギリス社会人類学者による本格的現地調査を一世代先行していた。先住民の物質文化、形質、言語、社会、宗教、神話、心理などについての原語テキストを多く含む膨大な記録は、ボアズの実証主義、総合人類学を支えていた。彼が、環境決定論、人類進化史の復原、歴史法など、そのときどきに強い関心を寄せながらも遠ざかったのも、事実との照合の結果、それらでは十分説明しえないことに気づいたためであった。彼がなによりも関心を寄せたのは、たとえばクワキウトルの怪異な仮面や丹念な装飾の背後に隠れている豊かな内面思考、つまり文化のシンボリックな面にあり、これは、晩年関心を寄せた文化と個人のテーマに連なるものである。また、一般への啓蒙(けいもう)活動、とくに人種主義への批判などにも積極的だった。

[末成道男 2019年1月21日]

[参照項目] | クローバー | ベネディクト

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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