They are also called Boers. Boer means "peasant" in Dutch. They are the descendants of Dutch who immigrated to Cape Town in South Africa in the 17th century and French Protestant refugees who were persecuted after the Edict of Nantes. Today, they generally call themselves Afrikaners. Their language is Afrikaans, a variation of Dutch. Early immigrants made their living from farming and livestock farming and were dependent on the Dutch East India Company, but in the 18th century, the number of free immigrants increased and they formed their own society with their own defense forces. In the 19th century, they opposed Cape Town becoming a British colony, and moved inland to establish the Orange Free State and the Transvaal Republic. However, they were invaded by the British after diamond mines were discovered here, which led to the South African War and came under British control in 1902. They took power after the establishment of the Union of South Africa in 1910, and in 1961 they transitioned to a republic and left the British Commonwealth. They made up about 60% of the white population of the country, and with political power they promoted the extreme racial discrimination policy of apartheid. This drew international condemnation, economic sanctions and domestic violence, and the government finally reversed the policy in 1991. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
ブール人ともいう。ボーアはオランダ語で「農民」の意。 17世紀に南アフリカのケープタウンに移住したオランダ人や,ナントの勅令以後迫害されたフランス人プロテスタントの亡命者の子孫をさす。今日では,一般にアフリカーナー Afrikanerと自称している。言語はオランダ語の変化したアフリカーンス語。初期の移民入植者は農耕と牧畜を生業とし,オランダ東インド会社に依存していたが,18世紀になると自由な移民が増加し,自衛軍をもつ独自の社会を形成。 19世紀に入りケープタウンがイギリス領となったことに反対し,内陸に移動してオレンジ自由国,トランスバール共和国などを建設した。しかしここでダイヤモンド鉱が発見されたためイギリスの侵略を受け,南アフリカ戦争へと発展,1902年イギリスの支配下に入った。 10年南アフリカ連邦成立後に政権を獲得,61年共和国への移行をとげイギリス連邦から離脱。同国の白人人口の約 60%を占め,政治的実権を握って極端な人種差別政策であるアパルトヘイトを推進した。これは国際的な非難を浴び,経済制裁や国内の暴動を招いたため,91年,ついに政府はこの政策を撤廃した。
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