British chemist and physicist. Born in East Deerham, Norfolk. He studied medicine at Cambridge University and opened a practice in 1792, but switched to chemistry in 1800 and began research into making platinum malleable. During his research, he discovered new elements palladium (1802) and rhodium (1804) through analysis of platinum ore. In 1805, he devised a method for making malleable platinum, and produced and sold extremely fine platinum wire (Wollaston wire), earning him large profits. In 1820, he became president of the Royal Society. In theoretical chemistry, Dalton's attitude towards atomic theory is interesting. In 1808, he was one of the first to show that the components of salts follow Dalton's law of multiple proportions, which contributed to the acceptance of atomic theory. However, a few years later, he proposed the adoption of "equivalents" instead of atomic weights, claiming that there was no basis for the method of determining the number of atoms in a molecule and that the existence of atoms was questionable. Furthermore, he calculated the equivalents of each element, with oxygen being 10, and showed them on a slide rule with a logarithmic scale. This positivist skepticism towards atomic theory and the concept of equivalents had a major influence, even though he later returned to atomic theory, and were one of the causes of confusion in the chemical world until the middle of the 19th century. In other fields, his work includes the improvement of the reflecting goniometer in crystallography, the proposal of the salt-type crystal structure, the improvement of optical instruments such as the compound lens for microscopes (Wollaston lens) and meniscus lens that eliminated aberrations, the discovery of dark lines in the solar spectrum (later known as Fraunhofer lines), the determination of the basic components of kidney stones in physiology, and the discovery of individual differences in high-pitched hearing. [Yoshihito Hijioka] [Reference items] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イギリスの化学者、物理学者。ノーフォーク県の東ディーハム生まれ。ケンブリッジ大学で医学を修め、1792年に開業するが、1800年には化学に転向し、白金の可鍛状態をつくる研究を始める。研究中、白金鉱石の分析により新元素パラジウム(1802)、ロジウム(1804)を発見。1805年には可鍛性白金の製法を考案し、極細の白金線(ウォラストン線)をつくり、販売して大きな利潤をあげた。1820年には王立協会会長となる。 理論化学においては、ドルトンの原子論に対する彼の態度が興味深い。1808年いち早く、塩類の構成成分がドルトンの倍数比例の法則に従うことを示し、原子論の受容に貢献したが、数年後、分子中の原子数決定法には根拠がなく、原子の実在にも疑問があるとして、原子量のかわりに「当量」の採用を提案した。さらに、酸素を10とする各元素の当量を計算し、対数目盛りによる計算尺で示した。原子論に対するこの実証主義的懐疑と当量概念は、のちに彼が原子論に復帰したにもかかわらず大きな影響を及ぼし、19世紀なかばまで化学界に混迷をもたらす原因の一つとなった。 他の分野においては、結晶学における反射測角器の改良、食塩型の結晶構造の提唱、光学における収差をなくすようにした顕微鏡用複合レンズ(ウォラストンレンズ)やメニスカスレンズ、カメラ・ルシダなどの器具の改良、太陽スペクトル中の暗線(後のフラウンホーファー線)の発見、生理学における腎臓(じんぞう)結石の基本成分の決定、高音聴覚における個人差の発見などがある。 [肱岡義人] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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