A device that changes the rotational speed ratio between the driving shaft and the driven shaft within a certain range, either stepwise or continuously. There are mechanical, fluid, electrical, etc. A stepless transmission is one that changes the angular velocity stepwise, while a variable speed transmission is one that changes it continuously. It is used when the rotational speed of the prime mover is constant, and you want to transmit this speed to other machines by changing it in various ways, or when you want to keep the speed of the machine constant even if the rotational speed of the prime mover changes. In the latter case, automatic control is usually used. Mechanical step speed change devices include belt transmissions using stepped wheels, sliding gears, clutches, and sliding keys, while friction transmissions and winding transmissions are mechanical infinitely variable speed change devices. Belt transmissions use several belt pulleys of different diameters and change the speed by shifting the belt. With a stepped wheel with multiple belt pulleys attached to one shaft, it is possible to shift one belt after another, but a tension wheel is required as the belt sags. If two shafts each have stepped wheels, the speed between the two shafts can be changed by shifting just one belt. A conical belt pulley makes the number of stepped wheels infinite, in which case it becomes an infinitely variable speed change device. An example of an infinitely variable speed change device that uses friction transmission is the Beyer transmission. Several thin conical friction plates are arranged on a splined shaft, and friction plates (with conical rims on the periphery) attached to the other splined shaft are alternately sandwiched between them. The friction plates on one shaft are pressed axially by a spring, and when the distance between the two shafts is changed, the radius of the contact area of the conical friction plates changes, and the speed between the two shafts changes continuously. Since there are many wedge-shaped contact surfaces, it is possible to transmit large torque with a relatively small size. An example of a wound transmission is the PIV (short for positive infinitely variable drive). In this transmission, a pair of opposing conical pulleys is attached to each of the driving shaft and driven shaft, and when the gap between the conical pulleys on the driving shaft increases, the gap between the conical pulleys on the driven shaft simultaneously decreases. When a ring-shaped belt is applied between the conical pulleys of the driving and driven shafts, the required length of the belt is always kept constant, and the angular velocity ratio between the two shafts can be changed continuously by changing the ratio of the radii of the parts where the belt is applied. The conical surface of the pulley is grooved like a bevel gear, and a special thin chain called a slatch is caught in the groove instead of a belt, preventing slippage. It is widely used in machine tools and other operating machines. Fluid transmissions are a combination of a pump and a fluid motor, and come in a variety of types, including turbo, axial piston, radial piston, and vane types. There is also the voice type fluid transmission, which has good efficiency over a wide range of rotational speed ratios. All of these are infinitely variable transmissions. Electrical transmissions include pole-changing motors, Ward-Leonard motors, and commutator motors. [Hidetaro Nakayama] [References] | | | | | |©Takashi Aoki Main types and structures of mechanical transmissions Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
原動軸と従動軸の回転速度比をある範囲内で段階的あるいは連続的に変換する装置。機械的なもの、流体的なもの、電気的なものなどがある。角速度の変化を段階的に行うものを段階変速装置、連続的に行うものを無段階変速装置という。原動機の回転速度が一定であるとき、この速度を種々に変えて他の機械に伝えたいとき、または原動機の回転速度が変化しても機械の速度を一定にしたいときに使用する。後者の場合には自動制御をするのが普通である。 機械的な段階変速装置としては段車を用いたベルト伝動、すべり歯車、クラッチ、滑りキーなどがあり、摩擦伝動装置、巻掛け伝動装置などは機械的無段階変速装置である。ベルト伝動は直径の異なる数個のベルト車を並べ、ベルトを掛け換えることにより速度を変える。一つの軸にベルト車を多数付けた段車では1本のベルトを次々に掛け換えればよいが、ベルトがたるむので張り車を必要とする。二つの軸をそれぞれ段車とすると、1本のベルトを掛け換えるだけで二軸間の速度を変えることができる。段車の数を無限にしたのが円錐(えんすい)ベルト車で、この場合は無段階変速装置となる。摩擦伝動を用いた無段階変速装置にバイエル変速機がある。スプライン軸上に数枚の薄い円錐形摩擦板を並べ、この摩擦板の間に他方のスプライン軸につけた摩擦板(周縁に円錐形のリムがついている)を交互に挟み、一方の軸上の摩擦板をばねで軸方向に押し付けておき、二軸間の距離を変化させると、円錐摩擦板の接触部の半径が変化し、二軸間の速度は連続的に変化する。楔(くさび)形の接触面が多数あるので、比較的小型で大きなトルクを伝えることができる。巻掛け伝動装置の例としてはPIV(positive infinitely variable driveの略)変速機というのがある。これは原動軸と従動軸にそれぞれ一対の対向円錐調車を取り付け、原動軸の円錐調車の間隔が大きくなると、同時に従動軸の円錐調車の間隔が狭くなるようになっている。原動軸と従動軸の円錐調車間に輪形調帯を掛けると、調帯の必要な長さはつねに一定に保たれ、調帯の掛かっている部分の半径の比を変化させることにより二軸間の角速度比を無段階に変えることができる。調車の円錐面には傘歯車状に溝がつけられ、ベルトのかわりにスラッチという薄板の特殊な鎖が溝にひっかかるようになっていて滑りをおこさない。工作機械その他の作業機械に広く使用されている。 流体変速装置はポンプと流体原動機とを組み合わせた構造で、ターボ式、アクシャルピストン式、ラジアルピストン式、羽根式などの各種がある。また回転速度比の広い範囲にわたって効率をよくしたボイス式流体変速装置もある。いずれも無段階変速装置である。 電気的変速装置としては極数変換電動機、ワード・レオナード方式、整流子電動機などがある。 [中山秀太郎] [参照項目] | | | | | |©青木 隆"> 機械的変速装置のおもな種類と構造 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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