Ural - Ural (English spelling) Урал/Ural

Japanese: ウラル - うらる(英語表記)Урал/Ural
Ural - Ural (English spelling) Урал/Ural

One of the major economic regions of the Russian Federation, it is centered on the Ural Mountains and includes parts of the Russian Plain and the West Siberian Plain. It has an area of ​​824,000 square kilometers and a population of 20,354,000 (1999). The vegetation is mainly taiga (coniferous forest), with steppe (short grassland) in the south and tundra (permafrost) in the north. Although it is not blessed with energy resources, it is one of Russia's leading industrial regions, with heavy chemical industries developing based on a variety of underground resources.

The iron industry, which developed using local resources, is one of the Urals' oldest industrial sectors, but today some iron ore is imported from the Republic of Kazakhstan and Kursk, and coal is imported from Karaganda in Kazakhstan. Almost all types of non-ferrous metals are refined. The machinery industry is one of the Urals' major industrial sectors, and heavy machinery, transportation machinery, machine tools, agricultural machinery, etc. are manufactured using locally produced metals. The chemical industry is centered on soda, sulfuric acid, asbestos, petroleum, and coke chemistry. Wood processing has also developed using locally produced wood, with the paper industry at its core. Industrial development has caused pollution problems, including water pollution, but efforts are being made to improve the situation. Agriculture, mainly in the south, specializes in spring wheat and livestock farming. The main railway lines are the ones that cross the Central and Southern Urals and the ones that run north and south, and electrification has been promoted. Water transportation has also developed, centered on the Kama River. Oil and natural gas pipelines are laid from Central Asia and Western Siberia to the Urals.

[Taizo Nakamura]

history

During the Kievan Rus period (9th-12th century), this region was inhabited by indigenous peoples such as Bashkirs, Komis, and Yugras. In the 12th and 13th centuries, Novgorod fur traders appeared. In the late 15th century, it came under the sphere of influence of the Moscow Principality, and after the fall of the Kazan Khanate in the mid-16th century, Russians began to advance into the region. The Stroganov family, wealthy merchants who received a license from Ivan IV, built fortresses in the Urals and began colonizing the region. In the 17th century, colonization continued beyond the Urals to Siberia and Kazakhstan. In the 15th and 16th centuries, salt production flourished, and in the 17th and 18th centuries, mining and metallurgy, using serf labor. The Pugachev Rebellion, which spread from the Yaik River (now the Ural River) in the south, involved these serf laborers and posed a threat to the government. During the charcoal-fueled era, the Ural metallurgy industry played an important role in the European market due to its abundant fuel, high-quality ore, and cheap labor, but it rapidly declined when coal became the fuel of choice at the end of the 18th century. However, during the Soviet era, the region was revived as an industrial area by combining Kuzbass coal with Ural ore. With the collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991, it became part of the Russian Federation.

[Yukio Ito]

[References] | Ural Mountains

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ロシア連邦の大経済地域の一つで、ウラル山脈を中心として、ロシア平原と西シベリア平原の一部が含まれる。面積82万4000平方キロメートル、人口2035万4000(1999)。植生はタイガ(針葉樹林帯)を主体として、南部にステップ(短草草原)、北部にツンドラ(永久凍土帯)がみられる。エネルギー資源には恵まれないが、多様な地下資源をもとに重化学工業が発展するロシア有数の工業地域である。

 地元資源を利用して発展した鉄工業はウラルの古い工業部門の一つであるが、今日、鉄鉱石の一部をカザフスタン共和国やクルスクから、石炭をカザフスタンのカラガンダから輸入している。また、ほとんどすべての種類の非鉄金属の精錬が行われている。機械工業はウラルの主要工業部門の一つで、重機械、輸送用機械、工作機械、農業機械などが地元産の金属を利用して製作される。化学工業はソーダ、硫酸、アスベスト、石油、コークス化学が中心である。地元の木材を利用して木材加工業も発達し、製紙部門がその中心をなしている。工業発展によって水汚染をはじめとする公害問題が発生したが、改善の努力がなされている。農業は南部を中心に、春小麦、畜産に専門化している。鉄道は中部ウラルと南ウラルを横断する路線、南北に縦断する路線が幹線で、電化が進められた。また、カマ川を中心に水運が発達する。石油、天然ガスのパイプラインが、中央アジア、西シベリアからウラルへ引かれている。

[中村泰三]

歴史

キエフ公国(9~12世紀)の時代に、この地方にはバシキール、コミ、ユグラなどの先住民がいた。12、13世紀ごろにはノブゴロドの毛皮商人が出現した。15世紀後半にモスクワ公国の勢力圏に入り、16世紀なかばのカザン・ハン国の滅亡後はロシア人の進出が図られ、イワン4世の特許を得た豪商ストロガノフ家がウラルに城塞(じょうさい)を建設、植民を始めた。17世紀にはウラルを越えて、シベリア、カザフスタンへとさらに植民が進められた。15、16世紀に製塩業が、17、18世紀には鉱山採掘や冶金(やきん)業が、農奴労働を使用して盛んとなった。南部のヤイク川(現ウラル川)を拠点に広がったプガチョフの乱は、この農奴労働者を巻き込んで、政府に脅威を与えた。木炭を燃料とした時代には、ウラルの冶金業は豊富な燃料、良質な鉱石、安価な労働力により、ヨーロッパ市場で重要な役割を果たしたが、18世紀末に石炭が燃料になると急速に衰退した。しかしソビエト時代になって以後、クズバスの石炭とウラルの鉱石の結合により工業地帯として復活した。1991年12月のソ連崩壊に伴い、ロシア連邦の一地域となる。

[伊藤幸男]

[参照項目] | ウラル山脈

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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