A type of hat. There are records that it was originally worn by Sumerian soldiers 4,500 years ago, but knight helmets from around the 11th century were made of metal that covered the entire head and face, and because they had no interior lining, blows were applied directly to the skull. In contrast, Japanese helmets are superior in that they have a leather lining that acts as a buffer. Steel helmets were developed to protect soldiers' heads from bullets during trench warfare in World War I, and were useful in World War II, so after the war they moved to industrial use, and then spread to motorcycle and baseball. All helmets are made of a plastic shell, a hammock, and a chin strap, and motorcycle helmets also have a shock-absorbing liner made of polystyrene foam inside the helmet. For example, in the case of motorcycle helmets, a certain percentage of the impact energy to the head is absorbed by the helmet denting or sliding on the road surface, and another certain percentage is absorbed and reduced by the closed cells in the liner collapsing and then restoring. Recently, JIS standards have been established for bicycle and school helmets, and in the future, they are expected to be used as disaster prevention helmets in the event of a major earthquake. [Shiga Shiro] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
帽子の一種。起源は4500年前にシュメール人兵士がかぶっていたという記録があるが、11世紀ごろの騎士のヘルメットは頭や顔全体を覆う金属製で、内装がないために打撃は直接頭骨に加えられた。それに対し、日本の兜(かぶと)は革製の内張りが緩衝の役目を果たしていた点で優れている。第一次世界大戦の塹壕(ざんごう)戦で、兵士の頭を弾丸から保護するために鉄兜が発達し、第二次大戦でも役だったことから、戦後、産業用に移行して、さらにオートバイ用、野球用へと普及した。構造はいずれもプラスチック製の殻体(かくたい)、着装体(ハンモック)、あご紐(ひも)よりなり、オートバイ用はさらに帽体内に発泡スチロール製の衝撃吸収ライナーを装入してある。たとえばオートバイ用の場合、頭部への打撃、つまり衝撃エネルギーは、帽体がへこんだり路面を滑ることによって何%か吸収され、さらにライナーの独立気泡が圧潰(あっかい)、復原することにより何%か吸収されて軽減される仕組みとなっている。最近では自転車用、通学用ヘルメットもJIS(ジス)として制定され、将来は大地震などの際の防災用ヘルメットとしても普及の段階にある。 [志賀四郎] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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