Cargo handling - niyaku

Japanese: 荷役 - にやく
Cargo handling - niyaku

A general term for cargo handling work, including loading, stacking, unloading, sorting, and handling of cargo during cargo transportation. Cargo handling is broadly divided into land handling by rail, truck (lorry) and airplane, and port handling associated with marine transportation by ship, which is further divided into offshore handling (onboard handling) carried out within the port outside the wharf, and coastal handling carried out at the wharf or quay. Before World War II, most cargo handling was "semi-beastial work" that relied on human labor, but after the war, the introduction of various types of cargo handling and containers led to efforts to reduce labor and increase efficiency, and the cargo handling system was streamlined. However, port cargo handling still relies heavily on human labor.

There are two types of cargo handling workers: regular workers employed by transportation and handling companies, and day laborers. Regular workers are skilled workers in cargo handling, so they are inevitably turned over to operate cargo handling systems such as forklifts and forklift trucks, while day laborers are responsible for the remaining parts that depend on human labor. While regular workers have stable employment relationships and working conditions, day laborers still have outdated elements, so various protective regulations have been added. For example, the Port Labor Law, which legalized the employment of registered workers through employment security offices, is a representative example. Traditionally, the focus of cargo handling rationalization has been on the mechanization and efficiency of individual cargo handling tasks, but nowadays, there is a rapid push toward a systemization of cargo handling (unit load system) in which cargo is consolidated into a certain standard weight or volume in advance and is consistently handled and transported by machinery without being decomposed along the way.

[Gozo Toritani]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

貨物輸送の過程で、貨物の積み込み、積み付け、荷卸し、荷さばき、仕分けを内容とする貨物の処理作業の総称。荷役は鉄道、トラック(貨物自動車)、航空機などによる陸上荷役と、船舶による海上運送に伴う港湾荷役に大別され、港湾荷役はさらに埠頭(ふとう)外の港内で行われる沖荷役(船内荷役)と、埠頭・岸壁で行われる沿岸荷役とに分けられる。第二次世界大戦前の荷役は、ほとんどが人力に依存する「半獣類的作業」であったが、戦後は、各種荷役やコンテナの導入によって省力化と能率増進が進められ、荷役システムの合理化が図られた。しかし、港湾荷役には、いまなお人力への依存度がかなり大きい。

 荷役労働者には通運・荷役業者の常用労働者と日雇労働者とがある。常用労働者は荷役作業の熟練労働者であるがために、必然的にフォークリフトやフォークリフト・トラックなどの荷役システムの操縦者へと変わり、残余の人力依存部分を日雇労働者が担当している。常用労働者については雇用関係も安定しており、労働条件も守られているが、日雇労働者については前時代的な要素が残存しているので、種々の保護規制が加えられている。たとえば、登録労働者を職業安定所を通じて雇用することを法制化した港湾労働法は、その代表的なものである。従来、荷役合理化の重点は個別荷役作業の機械化・能率化に置かれてきたが、現在では貨物をあらかじめ一定の標準的な重量もしくは容積にとりまとめ、途中でそれを取り崩すことなく一貫して機械力で荷役・輸送するような荷役のシステム化(ユニット・ロード・システム)が急速に推し進められている。

[鳥谷剛三]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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