Hastings, Warren

Japanese: ヘースティングズ（英語表記）Hastings， Warren

Born: December 6, 1732, Churchill, Oxfordshire
[Died] August 22, 1818. Dillsford, Oxfordshire. British colonial administrator in India. First Governor-General of Bengal (in office 1773-85). In 1750, at the age of 17, he became secretary of the British East India Company and travelled to India. In 1761, he became a councillor in Calcutta, and returned to India in 1764. In 1769, he was appointed deputy councillor of the Madras Council, and in 1772, governor of Bengal. In 1773, he was promoted to the first Governor-General of Bengal by the Regulatory Act, and moved the capital from Murshidabad to Calcutta. He also reformed the legal system and education, and in particular introduced the auction contract system for the collection of land taxes, which laid the foundation for the later permanent zamindar system. He also expanded and strengthened Indian rule through the Rohilla Wars, the First Maratha War, and the First Anglo-Mysore War. He retired in 1885 and returned to England, but was impeached by Parliament for the harsh policies he had implemented during his term in office, and was held accountable by E. Burke, P. Francis and others in Parliament. After the impeachment by the House of Commons (87), the trial lasted eight years, and ultimately ended with Hastings being found completely innocent. Although he suffered financial hardship due to the large legal costs, he was given a pension by the company in recognition of his contribution to the establishment and maintenance of British rule in India.

Hastings
Hastings, James

[Born] 1852
[Died] October 15, 1922.
Scottish Presbyterian clergyman and encyclopedia editor. He studied at Divinity College, Aberdeen, and became a minister of the Free Church (1901-11). He founded the monthly magazine "Expository Times" in 1889, and is also known as an encyclopedia editor. His main works are "Dictionary of the Bible" (5 volumes, 1898-1904), "Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels" (2 volumes, 06-08), "Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics" (12 volumes, 08-21), and "Dictionary of the Apostolic Church" (2 volumes, 15-18).

Hastings
Hastings

A city in the southeastern part of East Sussex County, southeastern England, United Kingdom. It is part of the Hastings district. It is located about 90 km southeast of London and faces the English Channel. It is known as the site of the Battle of Hastings during the Norman Conquest in 1066. It is an old port town that prospered in the Middle Ages as one of the Cinque Ports (a league of five ports). Blessed with a mild climate and sandy beaches, it has developed as a seaside resort. The ruins of Hastings Castle stand on a steep sandstone cliff behind it. Area: 30 ^km2 . Population: 85,828 (2001).

Hastings
Hastings

A city in southern Nebraska, USA. Settled in 1872. With a vast wheat-growing region as its backdrop, it is a distribution center for wheat, corn, etc., and a center of railroad transportation. Food processing, automobile parts, and agricultural equipment manufacturing are also thriving. Population 22,838 (1990).

Hastings
Hastings

A city on the southern coast of Hawke's Bay in the eastern part of North Island, New Zealand. It forms a combined city with Napier. It is the distribution and processing center for the agricultural and livestock region known as the "fruit basket of New Zealand." Population: 55,800 (1990 estimate).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1732.12.6. オックスフォードシャー，チャーチル
[没]1818.8.22. オックスフォードシャー，ディルスフォード
イギリスのインド植民地行政官。初代ベンガル総督 (在任 1773～85) 。 1750年，17歳でイギリス東インド会社の書記となってインドに渡り，61年カルカッタの参事会員となり，64年帰国。 69年マドラス参事会の次席参事，72年にはベンガル知事に任命された。 73年の規制法により初代ベンガル総督に昇格し，彼は首都をムルシダーバードからカルカッタに移した。また法律制度や教育面でも改革を行なったが，特に地税徴収の競売請負制を導入し，のちの永代ザミーンダール制の基礎をつくった。さらにロヒラ戦争，第1次マラータ戦争，第1次マイソール戦争を通じてインド支配の拡大，強化をはかった。 85年に退官，帰国したが，議会から在任中の過酷な政策を弾劾され，E.バークや P.フランシスらによって議会でその責任を追及された。下院による弾劾告発 (87) 後，裁判は8年間にわたって続き，結局ヘースティングズの全面的な無罪となって終った。多額の裁判費用を使い経済的窮之に苦しんだが，イギリスのインド支配確立とその維持に貢献した功績により会社から年金を支給された。

ヘースティングズ
Hastings， James

[生]1852
[没]1922.10.15.
スコットランドの長老派牧師，事典編纂者。アバディーンのディビニティ・カレッジに学び，自由教会の牧師となる (1901～11) 。月刊誌"Expository Times"を 1889年に創刊，事典編纂者としても著名である。主著"Dictionary of the Bible" (5巻，1898～1904) ，"Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels" (2巻，06～08) ，"Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics" (12巻，08～21) ，"Dictionary of the Apostolic Church" (2巻，15～18) 。

ヘースティングズ
Hastings

イギリス，イングランド南東部，イーストサセックス県南東部の都市。ヘースティングズ地区を構成する。ロンドンの南東約 90kmにあり，イギリス海峡に臨む。1066年ノルマン・コンクェストの際にヘースティングズの戦いが行なわれたところとして知られる。古くからの港町で，中世にはシンク・ポーツ（五港連盟）の一つとして繁栄。温和な気候と砂浜海岸に恵まれ，海浜保養地として発展している。背後に迫る砂岩の急崖上にはヘースティングズ城址がある。面積 30km²。人口 8万5828（2001）。