Cultural Properties Protection Law

Japanese: 文化財保護法 - ぶんかざいほごほう
Cultural Properties Protection Law

This law was enacted and promulgated in 1950 (Showa 25) to protect cultural properties. It was prompted by the burning of the Golden Hall of Horyuji Temple in January of the previous year, and its first distinctive feature was that it was a bill enacted by a member of parliament. Secondly, it not only combined the "National Treasures Preservation Law" (enacted in 1929) and the "Law for the Preservation of Important Fine Arts, etc." (enacted in 1933), but also absorbed the "Law for the Preservation of Historic Sites, Places of Scenic Beauty, and Natural Monuments" (enacted in 1919), and provided for the protection of land, plants, animals, and other things that have historical or academic value as cultural properties.

The third feature is that intangible cultural properties, buried cultural properties, and folk materials were added from a completely new perspective. Later, in 1975, the law was significantly revised to accommodate changes in social conditions. As a result, new consideration was given to the protection of groups of traditional buildings that are integrated with the surrounding environment to form a historical landscape, folk cultural properties that combine tangible and intangible folk materials, and selected preservation techniques that are intangible cultural properties but are indispensable for the preservation of cultural properties and require preservation measures.

In the 1996 amendment to the law, a system of more lenient protection measures (the Cultural Properties Registration System) was introduced to complement the previous designation system. In the 2004 amendment (which came into effect in 2005), cultural landscapes were added as scenic areas formed by the lives or occupations of people in a region and the local climate, and which are essential for understanding the lives or occupations of the Japanese people.

As an administrative organization, the Committee for Protection of Cultural Properties was newly established as an external bureau of the Ministry of Education at that time, and absorbed the National Museum and the National Research Institute for Cultural Properties as affiliated organizations. In June 1968, the Committee for Protection of Cultural Properties was abolished and absorbed into the newly established Agency for Cultural Affairs as the Cultural Properties Protection Department, and the Council for Protection of Cultural Properties was established as an advisory body. In addition, with the reorganization of government ministries and agencies in 2001, the Cultural Properties Protection Department was reorganized as the Cultural Properties Department, and the Council for Protection of Cultural Properties was reorganized as the Cultural Properties Subcommittee of the Council for Cultural Affairs. As for organizations directly connected to these central organizations, authority and duties were delegated to the prefectural boards of education, turning them into local organizations. Currently, most prefectural boards of education have established culture divisions or cultural property protection divisions, which are responsible for cultural property protection. In addition, the National Museum and the National Research Institute for Cultural Properties became independent administrative institutions in April 2001, and were integrated into the independent administrative institution National Institutes for Cultural Properties in April 2007.

The main administrative functions of these institutions are: (1) designation of cultural properties to be protected; (2) management of designated cultural properties (prevention of loss, disappearance, or damage, etc., and notification of change of location); (3) protection (restriction or prohibition of any acts that impede the preservation of designated cultural properties, active guidance in cases of danger, financial assistance, etc.); (4) public display; (5) investigation; and (6) creation of records.

In particular, the provision (3) on protection, which relates to important cultural properties, sets out minimum restrictions for the protection of cultural properties, such as financial assistance to owners and managers, restrictions on changes to the current state, a notification system for repairs, a prohibition on exports, and a request system for sales.

Various problems have arisen regarding the protection of these cultural properties due to rapid social and economic changes and changes in lifestyles and customs. However, cultural properties are national assets that have been passed down from ancient times, and we must be aware that it is our responsibility to pass them on to future generations, and the national and local governments, as well as owners, management organizations, and the general public, must work together to protect cultural properties.

[Yukio Enomoto]

"Agency for Cultural Affairs, ed., '50 Year History of the Law Concerning Protection of Cultural Properties' (2001, Gyosei)""Cultural Properties Protection Law Study Group, ed., 'Latest Amendments to the Law Concerning Protection of Cultural Properties' (2006, Gyosei)"

[Reference items] | National treasures | National Institute for Cultural Heritage | Important cultural properties | Natural monuments | Cultural properties | Cultural property registration system | Buried cultural properties | Folk cultural properties | Intangible cultural properties | Historic townscape preservation districts

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

文化財を保護するため、1950年(昭和25)制定公布された法律。前年1月の法隆寺金堂炎上が契機となり、議員立法によるものであったことを第一の特色とし、第二には「国宝保存法」(1929制定)と「重要美術品等ノ保存ニ関スル法律」(1933制定)とをあわせたばかりでなく、「史蹟(しせき)名勝天然記念物保存法」(1919制定)をも吸収し、歴史上または学術上価値あるものは、土地や植物、動物などをも文化財として保護することにした。

 このほかにもまったく新しい観点から無形文化財、埋蔵文化財、民俗資料を加えたことが第三の特色である。その後、社会情勢などの変遷により、これらに適合させるため、1975年、同法に大改正がなされた。その結果、新たに、周囲の環境と一体をなして歴史的風致を形成している伝統的建造物群、有形・無形の民俗資料をあわせた民俗文化財、無形文化財の一つであるが文化財の保存のために欠くことのできない伝統的技術・技能で保存の措置を講ずる必要のある選定保存技術などの保護についても考えられている。

 1996年(平成8)の同法改正では、従来の指定制度を補完するものとして、緩やかな保護措置を講ずる制度(文化財登録制度)が導入された。さらに2004年(平成16)の改正(施行は2005年)では、地域における人々の生活または生業および地域の風土により形成された景観地で、わが国民の生活または生業の理解のため欠くことのできないものとして文化的景観が加えられた。

 行政機構としては、当時の文部省外局として新しく文化財保護委員会を設け、国立博物館と国立文化財研究所を付属機関として吸収した。その後、1968年6月、文化財保護委員会が廃止され、新設の文化庁に文化財保護部として吸収され、諮問機関として文化財保護審議会が設置された。また、2001年の省庁再編に伴い、文化財保護部は文化財部に、文化財保護審議会は文化審議会文化財分科会に改組された。このような中央的機構に直結するものとしては、都道府県教育委員会に権限や事務を委任して地方的機構にかえている。都道府県教育委員会では、現在はおおむね文化課ないし文化財保護課などを設置し、文化財保護の主管課としている。また、国立博物館と国立文化財研究所は2001年4月より独立行政法人となり、2007年4月には統合されて独立行政法人国立文化財機構となっている。

 これらの機関が行う主要行政は、(1)保護すべき文化財の指定、(2)指定文化財の管理(滅失・亡失・毀損(きそん)などの防止、所在変更届出)、(3)保護(指定文化財の保存に障害を及ぼすようないっさいの行為の制限・禁止、危険な場合の積極的指導、財政援助など)、(4)公開、(5)調査、(6)記録の作成などとなっている。

 とくに(3)の保護関係の条文では、重要文化財に関し、所有者・管理者への財政援助とともに現状変更の制限、修理の届出制、輸出の禁止、売渡しの際の申出制など、文化財保護のための最小限の制限事項をうたっている。

 これらの文化財の保護については、社会や経済の急激な変動と生活様式、慣習の変遷により、種々の問題がおこっている。しかし、文化財は古い時代から伝えてきた国民的財産で、これを後世の人々に伝えることはわれわれの責務であることを自覚し、国や地方公共団体はもちろんのこと、所有者、管理団体、さらには国民が一体となって、文化財を保護してゆかねばならない。

[榎本由喜雄]

『文化庁編『文化財保護法五十年史』(2001・ぎょうせい)』『文化財保護法研究会編著『最新改正 文化財保護法』(2006・ぎょうせい)』

[参照項目] | 国宝 | 国立文化財機構 | 重要文化財 | 天然記念物 | 文化財 | 文化財登録制度 | 埋蔵文化財 | 民俗文化財 | 無形文化財 | 歴史的町並保存地区

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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