Neo-Freudian psychoanalyst and social thinker. He applied Freudian psychoanalysis to social and cultural phenomena in liberal society, diagnosing the illnesses of civilization and aiming to realize a "sane society" based on humanity. He was born on March 23, 1900 in Frankfurt, Germany as a Jew. After studying sociology and psychology at the University of Heidelberg, he received training in psychoanalysis at the University of Munich and the Psychoanalytic Institute in Berlin. From 1930 to 1933, he was affiliated with the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research, headed by Horkheimer, but fled to the United States to escape the Nazis. He taught at Columbia University (1934-1941), Bennington College (1941-1950), and other institutions, before teaching at the National University of Mexico from 1951. He left Mexico in 1974 and spent his later years in Switzerland, where he died on March 18, 1980. He wrote many books and gave lectures, including Escape from Freedom (1941) and The Sane Society (1955), but his theoretical stance was to integrate Freud's psychoanalysis with the work of Marx. Along with Sullivan and Horney, he criticized Freud's theory of biological instincts and individual psychology, and believed that human personality is formed by social and cultural factors. He also advocated the concept of social personality, focusing on the characteristics common to members of a particular society rather than individual characteristics. According to him, modern people have been liberated from the communal constraints of medieval society and have gained the freedom to develop their individuality, but on the other hand they are subject to loneliness and powerlessness. As a result, modern people cannot bear these and so "escape from freedom," and he pointed out that the social personality of such modern people becomes a breeding ground for authoritarian personalities (tendencies toward sado-masochism). This was an excellent analysis of the social psychology of fascism, especially the Nazis. He also sought a way to recover from the illnesses of modern, highly industrialized society, in which humans have become alienated, in the creative activity and love that humans are supposed to possess innately. For this reason, his psychoanalysis was called humanistic psychology. In addition to his academic research, he also participated in practical activities such as the peace movement and the US presidential election. [Kameyama Yoshiaki] "Escape from Freedom" translated by Hidaka Rokuro (1951, Sogensha / new edition, 1965, Tokyo Sogensha)" ▽ "Dream Psychoanalysis" by Erich Fromm, translated by Tonobayashi Daisaku (1953, Sogensha / revised new edition, 1971, Tokyo Sogensha)" ▽ "Sane Society" translated by Kato Masaaki and Sase Takao (1958, Shakai Shisosha)" ▽ "Erich Fromm" by R. Funk, translated by Sano Tetsuro and Sano Goro (1984, Kinokuniya Shoten)" [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
新フロイト派の精神分析家、社会思想家。フロイトの精神分析の立場から、その理論を自由主義社会の社会的・文化的現象に応用し、文明の病を診断するとともに、人間性に基づく「正気の社会」の実現を目ざした。 1900年3月23日、ドイツのフランクフルトにユダヤ人として生まれる。ハイデルベルク大学で社会学、心理学を学んだのち、ミュンヘン大学、ベルリンの精神分析研究所で精神分析の訓練を受けた。1930年から1933年にかけ、ホルクハイマーの主宰するフランクフルト社会研究所に所属していたが、ナチスを避けてアメリカに亡命。コロンビア大学(1934~1941)、ベニントン大学(1941~1950)などを経て、1951年からメキシコ国立大学で教鞭(きょうべん)をとった。1974年にメキシコを去って、晩年をスイスで過ごし、1980年3月18日に没した。 『自由からの逃走』(1941)、『正気の社会』(1955)など数多くの著作を著し、講演を行ったが、理論的な立場は、フロイトの精神分析とマルクスの仕事とを統合することにあった。彼はサリバンやホーナイとともに、フロイトの生物学的本能論や個人的心理学を批判し、人間の性格は社会的・文化的要因から形成されると考えた。また、個人の性格よりも特定社会の成員に共通する性格に注目して、社会的性格の概念を唱えた。彼によると、近代人は中世社会の共同体的拘束から解放され、個性を発達させる自由を獲得したものの、反面では孤独と無力感にさらされずにはいない。その結果、近代人はこれらに耐えきれずに「自由からの逃走」を行うとともに、こうした近代人の社会的性格が権威主義的性格(サド・マゾヒズム的傾向)の温床になる、と指摘した。この指摘は、ファシズムとりわけナチスの社会心理の優れた分析であった。また、人間が疎外された現代の高度な産業社会の病からの回復の方策を、人間が本来所有するはずの創造的活動や愛に求めた。ここから彼の精神分析はヒューマニズム心理学とよばれた。 学問研究のみではなく、平和運動や、アメリカ大統領選挙などの、実践活動にも参加した。 [亀山佳明] 『日高六郎訳『自由からの逃走』(1951・創元社/新版・1965・東京創元社)』▽『エーリッヒ・フロム著、外林大作訳『夢の精神分析』(1953・創元新社/改訂新版・1971・東京創元社)』▽『加藤正明・佐瀬隆夫訳『正気の社会』(1958・社会思想社)』▽『R・フンク著、佐野哲郎・佐野五郎訳『エーリッヒ・フロム』(1984・紀伊國屋書店)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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