This refers to a specimen made for observing living organisms or minerals under a microscope. The original word means a processed specimen of a part or the whole of a certain organism. It is also called preparation in English. A preparation is usually made by placing a sample on a glass slide and covering it with a cover glass. In the case of biological materials, a thin layer of material is created between the slide and the cover glass by smearing, crushing, or cutting into slices to make it easier to observe. There are two types of preparations: temporary preparations, which cannot be stored for long and use a medium such as water, glycerin, or a fixing and staining solution, and permanent preparations, which are made by dehydrating the material and sealing it in balsam or the like. Bulky materials are usually fixed and dehydrated, then embedded in paraffin or the like, sliced with a microtome, placed on a glass slide, stretched by heating, stained, and sealed. Materials that have been frozen without dehydration can also be cut into slices with a cryomicrotome. Three-dimensional forms can also be reconstructed by observing serial slices. Minerals are polished and sliced into thin slices for observation under a polarizing microscope. For fossils, etc., a replica film is made by copying the unevenness of the surface after surface treatment such as polishing and etching, and then the specimen is used. In addition, a preparation box is used to organize and store a large number of preparations. [Shoji Baba] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
生物、鉱物を顕微鏡で観察するためにつくった標本をいう。原語は、ある種の生物体の処理された一部または全体の標本を意味する。また、英語ではpreparationという。普通、スライドガラスに試料をのせカバーガラスをかけてプレパラートをつくる。生物材料の場合、塗抹したり、押しつぶしたり、または切片にしたりして、スライドガラスとカバーガラスの間に材料の薄い層をつくり観察しやすくする。プレパラートには、水、グリセリン、固定染色液などを媒液として用いたもので長く保存のできない一時プレパラートと、材料を脱水しバルサムなどに封入したものである永久プレパラートとがある。かさの大きな材料は、普通は固定、脱水後パラフィンなどに包埋し、ミクロトームで切片としてスライドガラスにのせ加温により伸展してから染色し封入する。また脱水を行わず凍結した材料をクリオミクロトームで切片とすることもできる。連続切片を観察することにより、立体的形態を再構成することもできる。鉱物は研磨して薄片として偏光顕微鏡で観察する。化石などは、研磨や腐食などの表面処理を行ったのち、表面の凹凸を写し取ったレプリカ膜をつくり試料とする。なお、多数のプレパラートを整理、収納するためには、プレパラートボックスが用いられる。 [馬場昭次] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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